Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression to Identify Factors Associated with Undergoing Keratoplasty for Corneal Endothelial Disease
| Logistic Regression | Univariate | Multivariable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Covariates | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
| Year in Plan | 2001–2006 | 0.71** | 0.66–0.77 | (Ref) | - |
| 2007–2009 | 1.40** | 1.30–1.51 | 1.47** | 1.35–1.59 | |
|
| |||||
| Age at plan enrollment (years) | 40–49 | 0.99 | 0.89–1.11 | (Ref) | - |
| 50–59 | 0.98 | 0.91–1.06 | 1.09 | 0.95–1.24 | |
| 60–64 | 1.09 | 0.99–1.19 | 1.18* | 1.02–1.36 | |
| 65–69 | 1.05 | 0.94–1.16 | 1.21* | 1.04–1.41 | |
| 70–74 | 1.01 | 0.91–1.12 | 1.20* | 1.02–1.41 | |
| 75–79 | 0.97 | 0.88–1.07 | 1.16* | 0.98–1.36 | |
| 80–84 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.03 | 1.11 | 0.93–1.31 | |
| ≥ 85 | 0.91 | 0.75–1.11 | 1.02 | 0.80–1.30 | |
|
| |||||
| Sex | Female | 1.03 | 0.98–1.09 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.08 |
|
| |||||
| Race | White | 0.81** | 0.75–0.87 | (Ref) | - |
| Black | 1.16* | 1.02–1.32 | 1.05 | 0.92–1.21 | |
| Latino | 1.14* | 1.02–1.28 | 1.08 | 0.96–1.22 | |
| Asian | 1.12 | 0.90–1.39 | 1.19 | 0.95–1.49 | |
| Other | 1.02 | 0.79–1.32 | 1.07 | 0.82–1.38 | |
|
| |||||
| Education | < High School | 1.11 | 0.87–1.42 | (Ref) | – |
| High School Diploma | 1.09** | 1.03–1.16 | 0.82** | 0.72–0.93 | |
| Some College | 0.91** | 0.86–0.96 | 0.76** | 0.67–0.87 | |
| College Diploma | 0.88** | 0.82–0.94 | 0.76** | 0.66–0.87 | |
| Advanced Degree | 0.76 | 0.43–1.35 | 0.64* | 0.42–0.98 | |
|
| |||||
| Net Worth | $0 – $24,999 | 1.21** | 1.09–1.34 | (Ref) | - |
| $25,000 – $74,999 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.16 | 0.88* | 0.77–1.00 | |
| $75,000 – $149,999 | 0.98 | 0.90–1.07 | 0.81** | 0.73–0.90 | |
| $150,000 – $499,999 | 0.95 | 0.90–1.01 | 0.84** | 0.77–0.92 | |
| $500,000 | 0.85** | 0.80–0.91 | 0.80** | 0.72–0.89 | |
|
| |||||
| Plan Type | HMO | 1.14** | 1.07–1.22 | (Ref) | - |
| EPO | 1.03 | 0.92–1.14 | 0.85* | 0.75–0.97 | |
| Indemnity | 0.81** | 0.76–0.87 | 0.74** | 0.68–0.81 | |
| POS | 0.96 | 0.91–1.02 | 0.82** | 0.75–0.89 | |
| PPO | 1.10* | 1.02–1.19 | 0.88** | 0.80–0.97 | |
| Other | 0.82 | 0.65–1.05 | 0.81 | 0.64–1.03 | |
|
| |||||
| United States Region of Residence | Northeast | 0.96 | 0.88–1.04 | (Ref) | - |
| Southeast | 1.17** | 1.11–1.24 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.17 | |
| Midwest | 0.91** | 0.86–0.97 | 0.94 | 0.85–1.04 | |
| West | 0.89** | 0.83–0.96 | 0.93 | 0.83–1.04 | |
| Other | 1.37** | 1.33–1.41 | 1.19 | 1.00–1.42 | |
|
| |||||
| Ocular comorbidities | Non-exudative AMD | 0.84** | 0.78–0.91 | 0.87** | 0.81–0.95 |
| Exudative AMD | 1.00 | 0.84–1.18 | 1.17 | 0.99–1.37 | |
| PDR | 0.79** | 0.66–0.93 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.04 | |
| NPDR | 0.86* | 0.77–0.97 | 0.99 | 0.86–1.13 | |
| OAG | 0.92** | 0.86–0.97 | 0.91** | 0.86–0.97 | |
| Cataract | 0.87** | 0.84–0.94 | 0.87** | 0.82–0.92 | |
| Pseudophakia/aphakia | 0.95 | 0.90–1.01 | 0.99 | 0.94–1.06 | |
|
| |||||
| Other comorbidities | CC Index Score | 0.98** | 0.97–0.99 | 0.99** | 0.98–1.00 |
| Dementia | 0.99 | 0.86–1.15 | 1.12 | 0.97–1.29 | |
| Depression | 0.93 | 0.84–1.03 | 0.95 | 0.85–1.05 | |
|
| |||||
| Ophthalmologist density | 1.00 | 0.93–1.07 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.11 | |
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01
CI= confidence interval; HMO= health maintenance organization; EPO= exclusive provider organization; POS= point of service plan; PPO= preferred provider organization; AMD=age-related macular degeneration; NPDR=non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR=proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OAG=open-angle glaucoma; CC index= Charlson comorbidity index
Ophthalmologist density calculated as number of ophthalmologists per 10000 residents