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AFM measurements of van der Waals interactions. (a) Representative force curves for the bead approaching substrates with blocking layers of varying thicknesses. The Hamaker constants for the probe attraction with the gold for each thickness (b) are calculated from the data in (a). The results of the probe binding assays (c) show the levels of adhesion for the different thicknesses in a series of carboxyl-terminated SAMs (formed by HS-(CH2)n-COOH, n=2, 5, 10, 15) at pH 3.
