. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 7.

Published in final edited form as: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012 May 18;38(2):336–340. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.006

Table 5.

Motor Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility in Strategic and Non-Strategic Gamblers vs Age- and Gender-matched Healthy Controls

	Performance (mean ± SD)			ANOVA		Post-Hoc LSD Tests
	Strategic (n=22)	Non-Strategic (n=23)	Healthy Controls (n=28)	F	p-value	Strategic vs. Controls p-value	Non-Strategic vs. Controls p-value	Strategic vs. Non-Strategic p-value
IDED total errors (adjusted)	24.3 (15.3)	24.9 (11.9)	11.86 (8.08)	10.036	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.568
Intradimensional Shift	0.81 (1.5)	0.57 (0.73)	0.32 (0.48)	1.598	0.210
Extradimensional Shift	11.59 (9.3)	13.13 (10.4)	4.64 (5.03)	7.604	0.007	0.002	<0.001	0.604

SST SSRT	209.6 (103.1)	182.6 (61.7)	146.5 (35.8)	5.138	0.008	0.004	0.012	0.288
SST median go reaction time	478.4 (166.2)	524.1 (128.6)	486.1 (127.4)	0.702	0.499
SST p(inhibition)	0.47 (0.15)	0.52 (0.14)	0.54 (0.07)	1.234	0.298

All scores are Mean (± SD)

p-value = two-tailed t-test

Strategic gambling = poker, sports, cards, dice, blackjack, track (horses, dogs)

Non-strategic gambling = slots, lottery, pull tabs, bingo, keno, video poker

Abbreviations: IDED = Intradimensional Extradimensional; SST = Stop Signal Task; SSRT = Stop-Signal Reaction Time