Autophagy is involved in the degradation of certain cellular components, such as cytoplasmic material, protein aggregates, damaged mitochondria, peroxisomes, lipid droplets, and certain pathogens (lower box). Nutrient regulation of autophagy is mediated by mTOR and AMPK, which phosphorylate components of the ULK1-FIP200-ATG13 complex. Reduced Atg7 expression contributes to impaired autophagy in obesity state [89]. The autophagy and lysosome gene program is controlled by several transcription factors, including C/EBPβ, FOXO, SREBP2, and TFEB.