Table 1. Summary of pre-clinical and clinical studies in prostate cancer therapy.

Agent	Mechanism of action	Clinical status	References
Abiraterone (anti-testosterone)	17,20 lyase inhibitor	Phase II studies completed	(1,2)
TAK-700 (anti-testosterone)	17,20 lyase inhibitor	Phase III trails ongoing	(3)
MDV3100 (anti-androgen)	Prevents androgen receptor translication	Phase II trails ongoing	(3,6-10)
Cabazitaxel	Cytotoxic anti-microtubule agent	EU approved for CPRC patients	(11,12)
Docetaxel	Cytotoxic anti-microtubule agent	FDA approved for CPRC patients	(12)
OGX-011	antisense compound against clusterin	Phase II clinical trails complete for CRPC patients	(7,13-17)
Bevacizumab	Angiogenesis inhibitor (anti-VEGF antibody)	Phase II clinical trails ongoing for CRPC patients	(36-39)
Aflibercept	Angiogenesis inhibitor	Phase II clinical trails ongoing for CRPC patients	(40)
Cabozantinib	c-Met and VEGFR2 inhibitor	Phase III trails ongoing in bone metastatic patients	(41-43)
Atrasentan	ET-1A inhibitor (Endothelin inhibitor)	Phase II trails ongoing for CRPC patients	(44)
Dasatinib	Src kinase inhibitor	Phase III trails ongoing for CRPC patients	(45-48)
Denosumab	anti-RANK antibody	FDA approved for bone metastatic	(49-52)
Radium-223	alpha-emitter radioisotope	Phase III trails ongoing in bone metastatic patients	(53,54)
Tenascin inhibitors	anti-stromal agent	Clinical trails planned	(55)
Anti-β2-microglobulin antibody	Blocks activity of β2-M growth factor	Preclinical trails completed	(56)
AMD3100, NOX-A12, or CCX2066	anti-CXCL12 agents (targeting the stroma)	Clinical trails planned	(57)
CNTO 888	CCL2 chemokine inhibitor	Phase I clinical trails ongoing	(58,59)
Provenge	Immunotherapy (GM-CSF and PAP loaded DCs)	Approved by FDA for CRPC patients	(60-62)
PROSTVAC-VF	Gene therapy to deliver Poxvirus based PSA expression	Phase III trails ongoing	(63,64)
Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody)	Immunotherapy (checkpoint inhibitor)	Phase I clinical trails completed	(65)