Table 1. Examples of biomarkers in canine heart failure.

Category	Name
Inflammatory	TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-10, CRP
Hemodynamic	Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine),BNP, NT-proBNP, ANP
Necrosis	CK, CK-MB, Troponin-I
Kidney	BUN, creatinine

TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; TGF: transforming growth factor β; CRP: C-reactive protein; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide; CK-MB: creatine kinase MB; CK: creatine kinase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.