Table 2.

Participant characteristics.

Group	Age (months) M (SD)	Articulation Screenera M (SD)	Maternal Edb M (SD)	PPVT-III Standardc M (SD)	PPVT-III Rawd M (SD)	Leiter-Re M (SD)	TOLD-P:3f M (SD)	MLUg M (SD)	AAE ratingh M (SD)
LSES	73.47 (4.02)	9.93 (0.26)	10.00 (1.41)	80.27 (6.60)	57.13 (8.94)	9.47 (1.55)	81.13 (15.27)	6.49 (1.38)	5.58 (1.03)
AM	71.80 (2.21)	10.00 (—)	15.60 (0.63)	102.87 (7.12)	83.93 (9.90)	10.73 (1.82)	100.27 (7.58)	6.64 (1.06)	4.24 (1.26)
LM	59.00 (5.26)	9.73 (0.46)	15.60 (0.74)	99.73 (7.29)	63.23 (11.42)	11.47 (2.00)	100.27 (12.04)	5.96 (0.92)	4.20 (1.17)

Note. Ed = education; AAE = African American English; LSES = AAE-speaking children reared in poverty (low socioeconomic status); AM = AAE-speaking children from middle-income backgrounds who served as typically developing, age-matched controls; LM = AAE-speaking children from middle-income backgrounds who served as typically developing, language-matched controls. Em dash indicates data not applicable.

^aScreening tool for final/t/and/d/, highest score = 10.

^bHighest grade completed (12 = graduated from high school, 16 = graduated from college).

^cStandard score obtained on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–III (PPVT-III), used for eligibility.

^dRaw score obtained on the PPVT-III, used for matching LSES and LM groups.

^eAverage scaled scores from the Figure Ground and Form Completion subtests of the Leiter International Performance Scale–Revised (Leiter-R; M = 10, SD = 3).

^fSyntax quotient calculated from subtests IV–VI of the Test of Language Development–Primary, Third Edition (TOLD-P:3; M = 100, SD = 15).

^gMean length of utterance (MLU) is in morphemes, based on complete and intelligible utterances from language sample.

^hRating averaged across 3 listeners (1 = no use of AAE, 7 = heavy use of AAE; Oetting & McDonald, 2002).