. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jul 5.

Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002 Jun;45(3):505–518. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2002/040)

Appendix A.

List of 35 Nonmainstream Patterns.

(See Oetting and McDonald, 2000, for descriptions and examples of these nonmainstream patterns.)

zero be	overregularization	been and BIN
be₂ (also referred to as habitual be)	participle as past	done+verb
i'ma for i'm going to	ain't	fixing+verb
SV agreement with be	multiple negation	undifferentiated pronoun
omission of auxiliary do	indefinite article	reflexive
omission of auxiliary have	zero present progressive	demonstrative
zero regular third	zero plural	dative
zero irregular third	zero possessive	y'all varieties
SV agreement with don't	zero infinitive to	appositive
zero regular past	for to/to	existential it and they
zero irregular past	zero of	Wh- noninversion
had+past	what/that or zero that