Table 5.
General characteristics of the study cohort, and comparisons between patients
| Study cohort | ≥2 categorized risk factors | <2 categorized risk factors | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients (n, percent) | 151 (100) | 87 (57.6) | 64 (42.4) | - |
| Age (years) | 56.7 ± 17.5 | 55.8 ± 17.2 | 58 ± 17.9 | NS |
| Male gender (n, percent) | 106 (70.2) | 66 (75.9) | 40 (62.5) | NS |
| Body mass index (kilograms per square meter) | 25.9 ± 5.3 | 26.3 ± 5.6 | 25.3 ± 4.9 | NS |
| Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, points | 20.1 ± 8.4 | 22.8 ± 7.9 | 16.5 ± 7.8 | < .001 |
| Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score on day 1, points | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 7.9 ± 3.9 | 4.4 ± 2.7 | < .001 |
| Number of organ failures on day 1, points | 3 ± 1.3 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | < .001 |
| Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score maximum, points | 8.1 ± 5.2 | 10.5 ± 5.1 | 4.8 ± 3.1 | < .001 |
| Number of organ failures maximum, points | 3 ± 1.5 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | < .001 |
| Positive cumulative fluid balance during ICU stay | 59 (39.1) | 34 (39) | 25 (39) | NS |
| ICU stay (days)a | 5 (3-12) | 9 (4-25) | 3 (2-4) | < .001 |
| Hospital stay (days)a | 16 (9-37) | 24 (4-55) | 13 (8-21) | = .001 |
| Hospital mortality (n, percent) | 42 (27.8) | 36 (41.4) | 6 (14.3) | < .001 |
| Number of categorized risk factors | ||||
| On admission | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | < .001 |
| During ICU stay | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | < .001 |
| Risk factors during ICU stayb (n, percent) | ||||
| Diminished abdominal wall compliance | 114 (75.5) | 83 (95.4) | 31 (48.4) | < .001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 104 (68.9) | 77 (88.5) | 27 (42.2) | < .001 |
| Head of bed > 30° | 135 (89.4) | 83 (95.4) | 52 (81.3) | = .005 |
| Body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 | 36 (23.8) | 26 (29.9) | 10 (15.6) | = .04 |
| Increased intraluminal contents | 44 (29.1) | 44 (50.6) | 0 (0) | < .001 |
| Gastroparesis | 37 (24.5) | 37 (42.5) | 0 (0) | < .001 |
| Ileus | 21 (13.9) | 21 (24.1) | 0 (0) | < .001 |
| Increased abdominal contents | 26 (17.2) | 26 (29.9) | 0 (0) | < .001 |
| Ascites/liver dysfunction | 14 (9.3) | 14 (16.1) | 0 (0) | = .001 |
| Ascites of other causes | 4 (2.6) | 4 (4.6) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Capillary leak syndrome/fluid resuscitation | 97 (64.2) | 79 (90.8) | 18 (28.1) | < .001 |
| Acidosis | 32 (21.2) | 28 (32.2) | 4 (6.3) | < .001 |
| Hypotension | 68 (45) | 61 (70.1) | 7 (10.9) | < .001 |
| Hypothermia | 7 (4.6) | 7 (8) | 0 (0) | = .01 |
| Multiple transfusions | 3 (2) | 3 (3.4) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Coagulopathy | 48 (31.8) | 40 (46) | 8 (12.5) | < .001 |
| Massive fluid resuscitation | 49 (32.5) | 40 (46) | 9 (14.1) | < .001 |
| Acute pancreatitis | 5 (3.3) | 5 (5.7) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Oliguria | 43 (28.5) | 35 (40.2) | 8 (12.5) | < .001 |
| Sepsis | 68 (45) | 56 (64.4) | 12 (18.8) | < .001 |
General characteristics of the study cohort, and comparisons between patients with ≥2 vs. <2 categorized risk factors for intra-abdominal hypertension. aData are presented as median and interquartile range. bAbdominal surgery with primary fascial or tight closure, major trauma, major burns, prone positioning, colonic pseudo-obstruction, hemoperitoneum or pneumoperitoneum; other intra-abdominal injuries and damage control laparotomy are not included due to the very low number of patients with these risk factors. APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; CRF, categorized risk factors; IAH, intra-abdominal hypertension; ICU, intensive care unit; NS, not significant; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated.