Table 6.
General characteristics of the patients with ≥2 categorized risk factors and comparisons between patients
| ≥2 Categorized risk factors | Intra-abdominal hypertension | No intra-abdominal hypertension | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients (n, percent) | 87 (100) | 59 (67.8) | 28 (32.2) | |
| Age (years) | 55.8 ± 17.2 | 59.3 ± 16.4 | 48.5 ± 16.6 | .006 |
| Male gender (n, percent) | 66 (75.9) | 44 (74.6) | 22 (78.6) | NS |
| Body mass index (kilograms per square meter) | 26.3 ± 5.6 | 27.7 ± 5.6 | 23.4 ± 4.2 | < .001 |
| APACHE II score, points | 22.8 ± 7.9 | 24.4 ± 7.8 | 19.5 ± 7.2 | .007 |
| SOFA score on day 1, points | 7.9 ± 3.9 | 8.8 ± 4.0 | 6.2 ± 3.3 | .004 |
| Number of organ failures on day 1, points | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | .002 |
| SOFA score maximum, points | 10.5 ± 5.1 | 11.7 ± 4.7 | 7.9 ± 4.9 | .001 |
| Number of organ failures maximum, points | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 4.2 ± 1.4 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | < .001 |
| Positive cumulative fluid balance during ICU stay | 34 (39) | 25 (42.4) | 9 (32.1) | NS |
| ICU stay (days)a | 9 (4-25) | 11 (7-29) | 4 (3-9) | < .001 |
| Hospital stay (days)a | 24 (4-55) | 29 (13-61) | 15 (6-34) | .005 |
| Hospital mortality (n, percent) | 36 (41.4) | 27 (45.8) | 9 (32.1) | NS |
| Number of categorized risk factors | ||||
| On admission | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | .05 |
| During ICU stay | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | .006 |
| Risk factors during ICU stayb (n, percent) | ||||
| Diminished abdominal wall compliance | 83 (95.4) | 57 (96.6) | 26 (92.9) | NS |
| Mechanical ventilation | 77 (88.5) | 51 (86.4) | 26 (92.9) | NS |
| Head of bed > 30° | 83 (95.4) | 57 (96.6) | 26 (92.9) | NS |
| Body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 | 26 (29.9) | 24 (40.7) | 2 (7.1) | .001 |
| Increased intraluminal contents | 44 (50.6) | 33 (55.9) | 11 (39.3) | NS |
| Gastroparesis | 37 (42.5) | 28 (47.5) | 9 (32.1) | NS |
| Ileus | 21 (24.1) | 16 (27.1) | 5 (17.9) | NS |
| Increased abdominal contents | 26 (29.9) | 23 (39) | 3 (10.7) | .007 |
| Ascites/liver dysfunction | 14 (16.1) | 12 (20.3) | 2 (7.1) | NS |
| Ascites of other causes | 4 (4.6) | 4 (6.8) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Capillary leak syndrome/fluid resuscitation | 79 (90.8) | 55 (93.2) | 24 (85.7) | NS |
| Acidosis | 28 (32.2) | 22 (37.3) | 6 (21.4) | NS |
| Hypotension | 61 (70.1) | 46 (78) | 15 (53.6) | .02 |
| Hypothermia | 7 (8) | 5 (8.5) | 2 (7.1) | NS |
| Multiple transfusions | 3 (3.4) | 2 (3.4) | 1 (3.6) | NS |
| Coagulopathy | 40 (45.9) | 30 (50.8) | 10 (35.7) | NS |
| Massive fluid resuscitation | 40 (46) | 30 (50.8) | 10 (35.7) | NS |
| Acute pancreatitis | 5 (5.7) | 5 (8.5) | 0 (0) | .005 |
| Oliguria | 35 (40.2) | 27 (45.8) | 8 (28.6) | NS |
| Sepsis | 56 (64.4) | 40 (67.8) | 16 (57.1) | NS |
| IAP during ICU stay | 12 ± 3 | 13 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | < .001 |
| APP mean during ICU stay | 74 ± 13 | 73 ± 12 | 74 ± 15 | NS |
General characteristics of the patients with ≥2 categorized risk factors, and comparisons between patients with and without intra-abdominal hypertension. aData are presented as median and interquartile range. bAbdominal surgery with primary fascial or tight closure, major trauma, major burns, prone positioning, colonic pseudo-obstruction, hemoperitoneum or pneumoperitoneum; other intra-abdominal injuries and damage control laparotomy are not included due to the very low number of patients with these risk factors. APACHE II, APP, abdominal perfusion pressure; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; CRF, categorized risk factors; IAH, intra-abdominal hypertension; IAP, intra-abdominal pressure (mmHg); ICU, intensive care unit; NS, not significant; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated.