Table 1.
Evidence of the association between PA and SI, independent of adiposity
| Reference | Participant Characteristics | Measurement Methods | Independent association between PA and SI | Notes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Age (mean ± SD) | Gender | Ethnicity | BMI Percentile | SI/IR | PA (minutes per session, sessions per week, number of weeks/total intervention minutes) | Adiposity | Yes/No | ||
| Design: Intervention | ||||||||||
| Bell et al. (2007) [18]* | 14 | 12.7 ± 2.3 | F + M | Other | ≥95 | MLBM | Aerobic PA (60, 3, 8/1440) | BMI, DEXA, HC, WC | Yes | |
| Carrel et al. (2009) [49] | 35 | 12 ± 0.5 | F + M | Cauc | <95 | FI, FG, HOMA | Aerobic PA (45, 2.5, 32/4050) | BMI, DEXA | Yes | 83% female participants |
| Davis et al. (2009) [102] | 41 | 15.2 ± 1.1 | F | Hisp | ≥85 | FI, FG, 2-h I, 2-h G, MinMod | Aerobic + strength training (60, 2, 16/1920), | BMI, DEXA | No | |
| Kelly et al. (2004) [46]* | 25 | 10.9 ± 0.4 | F + M | Other | 85 | FI, FG, 2-h G | Aerobic PA (30–50, 4, 8/960–1600) | DEXA | No | 44% had MetS at baseline; CRF improved; SI exhibited trend towards improvement |
| Macias-Cervantes et al. (2008) [51] | 32 | Control: 7.5 (6.9–8.4) Experimental: 8 (6.1–9.1) |
F | Hisp | All | FI, FG, HOMA | Aerobic PA (60, 3, 12/2160), Pedometer | BMI, Skinfolds, WC | Yes | 29/62 children had baseline IR, Sig. in BMI b/t 85–95th% only |
| McMurray et al. (2000) [47]* | 349 | 12.2 ± 1.0 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG | Aerobic PA (20, 3, 8/480), Questionnaire | Skinfolds, BMI | No | |
| Nassis et al. (2005) [48] | 19 | 13.1 ± 1.8 | F | Other | 85 | HOMA | Aerobic PA (40, 3, 12/1440) | BMI, DEXA, Skinfolds, HC, WC | Yes | |
| van der Heijden et al. (2009) [52] | 29 | 14.9 | F + M | Hisp | All | MinMod, ISI | Aerobic PA (30, 4, 12/1440) | BMI, DEXA | Yes | Sig. in BMI<85th% and >95th% |
| Design: Longitudinal | ||||||||||
| Bunt et al. (2003) [44] | 90 | 5, 10 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, ISI | DLW, Questionnaire | BMI, DEXA | Yes | Cross-sectionally not sig. Longitudinally sig. by questionnaire-based PA only |
| Jago et al. (2008) [10] | 384 | 9.65 ± 0.43, 15.72 ± 0.35 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, HOMA | Accelerometer | BMI, WC | Yes | |
| Metcalf et al. (2009) [66] | 213 | 5, 6, 7, 8 | F + M | Cauc | All | HOMA | Accelerometer | BMI, DEXA | No | |
| Telford et al. (2009) [57]* | 498 | 8.1 ± 0.4, 10.1 ± 0.4 | F + M | Cauc | All | FI, FG, HOMA | Pedometer | BMI, DEXA | Yes | Cross-sectionally not. sig. at baseline. Longitudinally sig. in males only |
| Design: Cross-sectional | ||||||||||
| Ball et al. (2004) [56]* | 95 | 11.1 ± 1.7 (F), 11 ± 1.8 (F) | F + M | Hisp | All | FI, FG MinMod | Interview | DEXA | No | |
| Brage et al. (2004) [68] | 306 | 9.7 ± 0.44 | F + M | Cauc | All | FI, FG | Accelerometer | Skinfolds | Yes | Sig. in females only |
| Casazza et al. (2009) [9]* | 215 | AA: 9.7 ± 1.4 Hisp: 9.3 ± 0.21 Cauc: 9.7 ± 1.7 |
F + M | AA, Cauc, Hisp | All | FI, MinMod | Accelerometer | BMI, DEXA | Yes | PA sig. in AA only |
| Ekelund et al. (2007) [32]* | 1709 | Age 10: 9.7 ± 0.4 (M), 9.6 ± 0.4 (F), Age 15: 15.5 ± 0.5 (M) 15.5 ± 0.5 (F) | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG | Accelerometer | BMI, Skinfolds, WC | Yes | |
| Imperatore et al. (2006) [67]* | 1783 | 15.4 ± 0.1 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, QUICKI | Questionnaire | BMI | Yes | Sig. in males only |
| Kasa-Vubu et al. (2005) [70]* | 53 | 18.7 ± 1.3 | F | Other | >10 and <95 | FI, FG, HOMA | Questionnaire | DEXA | No | |
| Krekoukia et al. (2007) [103]* | 54 | 10.3 ± 0.8 (lean M), 10.9 ± 0.8 (lean F), 9.8 ± 0.7 (obese M), 10 ± 0.6 (obese F) | F + M | Cauc | ≥95 | FI, HOMA | Accelerometer | BMI, Skinfolds, HC, WC | Yes | |
| Ku et al. (2000) [72]* | 68 | AA: 8.9 ± 1.2 (M), 8.7 ± 1.9 (F) White: 9.2 ± 1.6 (M), 9.2 ± 1.2 (F) | F + M | AA + Cauc | All | FI, MinMod | Questionnaire | BMI, DEXA | Yes | Sig. in both AA and Cauc |
| Mitchell et al. (2010) [81]* | 39 | 11.8 ± 2.2 | F + M | Other | All | HOMA | Aerobic PA, Accelerometer | BMI, HC, WC | Yes | Sig. for MVPA, but not for avg. PA |
| Owen et al. (2010) [69] | 1,812 | 9.9 ± 0.4 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, HOMA | Accelerometer, Questionnaire | Leg-to-arm bioelectrical impedance, Skinfolds | Yes | No sig. diffs. b/t whites and ethnic minorities |
| Rizzo et al. (2008) [2] | 613 | 15.5 ± 0.5 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, HOMA | Accelerometer | BMI, Skinfolds, WC | Yes | |
| Rubin et al. (2008) [78]* | 437 | Normal weight: 12.1 ± 0.8 (M), 11.8 ± 0.7 (F); Overweight: 12.1 ± 0.7 (M), 11.9 ± 0.8 (F) | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG | Questionnaire | BMI, Skinfolds | Yes | |
| Sardinha et al. (2008) [79] | 308 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, HOMA | Accelerometer | BMI, DEXA, Skinfolds, WC | Yes | |
| Schmitz et al. (2002) [71] | 357 | By PA quartile: 12.79 ± 1.3, 12.78 ± 1.2, 13.11 ± 1.2, 13.13 ± 1.2 | F + M | Other | All | FI, MLBM | Questionnaire | BMI, Skinfolds, WC | Yes | Sig. in above median %BF and FI only |
| Snitker et al. (2007) [80] | 56 | 13.3 ± 1.3 | F + M | AA | All | FI, FG, 2-h I, 2-Gh G, ISI | Accelerometer | DEXA | Yes | N/A |
Abbreviations: PA, physical activity; MVPA, moderate to vigorous PA; SI, insulin sensitivity; AA, African American; Cauc, Caucasian; Hisp, Hispanic; M, male; F, female; SI, insulin sensitivity; IR, insulin resistance; MetS, Metabolic Syndrome; DLW, doubly labeled water; FI, fasting insulin; FG, fasting glucose; 2-h I, 2 hour insulin; 2-h G, 2 hour glucose; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; MLBM, glucose utilization per kilogram of lean body mass per minute; MinMod, minimal model; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; QUICKI, quantitative SI check index; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; BMI, body mass index; BF, body fat; DEXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry; HC, hip circumference; WC, waist circumference.
*
Study appears in both Tables 1 and 2.