Table 2.
Evidence of the association between CRF and SI, independent of adiposity
| Reference | Participant Characteristics | Measurement Methods | Independent association between CRF and SI | Notes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Age (mean ± SD) | Gender | Ethnicity | BMI Percentile | SI/IR | CRF (minutes per session, sessions per week, number of weeks/total intervention minutes) | Adiposity | Yes/No | ||
| Design: Intervention | ||||||||||
| Bell et al. (2007) [18]* | 14 | 12.7 ± 2.32 | F + M | Other | ≥95 | MLBM | VO2170 (60, 3, 8/1440) | BMI, DEXA, HC, WC | No | CRF and SI improved; Body comp. did not change |
| Kelly et al. (2004) [46]* | 25 | 10.9 ± 0.4 | F + M | Other | ≥85 | FI, FG, 2-h G | VO2max (30–50, 4, 8/960–1600) | DEXA | No | 44% had MetS at baseline; CRF improved; SI exhibited trend towards improvement |
| McMurray et al. (2000) [47]* | 349 | 12.2 ± 1.0 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG | VO2max (20, 3, 8/480) | BMI, Skinfolds | Yes | Sig. in top FI quartile only |
| Design: Longitudinal | ||||||||||
| Allen et al. (2007) [73] | 106 | 12.8 ± 1.4, 14.8 ± 1.4 | F + M | Other | ≥95 | FI, HOMA | VO2max | BMI, DEXA | Yes | |
| Telford et al. (2009) [57]* | 498 | 8.1 ± 0.4, 10.1 ± 0.4 | M | Cauc | All | FI, FG, HOMA | Shuttle run | BMI, DEXA | Yes | Sig. in males and females at baseline, but in males only at follow-up |
| Design: Cross-sectional | ||||||||||
| Ball et al. (2004) [56]* | 95 | 11.1 ± 1.7 (M), 11 ± 1.8 (F) | F + M | Hisp | All | FI, FG, MinMod | VO2max | DEXA | No | |
| Bougle et al. (2010) [76] | 241 | 11.9 ± 2.2 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, HOMA | VO2max | BMI, DEXA | Yes | Females p=0.005, males p<0.0001 |
| Brufani et al. (2008) [93] | 55 | 9.68 ± 1.3 | F + M | Cauc | ≥95 | FI, FG, 2-h I, 2-h G, HOMA, ISI, QUICKI | VO2max | BMI, DEXA | Yes | |
| Casazza et al. (2009) [9]* | 215 | AA: 9.7 ± 1.4 Hisp: 9.3 ± 0.21 Cauc: 9.7 ± 1.7 |
F + M | AA, Cauc, + Hisp | All | FI, MinMod | VO2170 | BMI, DEXA | Yes | CRF sig. in AA, Hisp. and Cauc |
| Cummings et al. (2010) [75] | 1078 | 15.03 ± 0.1 | F + M | Other | All | HOMA | VO2max | BMI, WC | Yes | Sig. in males with BMI>85th% only |
| Eisenmann et al. (2007) [104] | 375 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | F + M | Cauc | All | FI, FG, FI/FG, FG/FI, HOMA, QUICKI | PWC-170 | BMI, Skinfolds | Yes | |
| Ekelund et al. (2007) [32]* | 1709 | Age 10: 9.7 ± 0.4 (M), 9.6 ± 0.4 (F); Age 15: 15.5 ± 0.5 (M) 15.5 ± 0.5 (F) | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG | W/kg (FFM) | BMI, Skinfolds, WC | Yes | |
| Gutin et al. (2004) [74] | 282 | AA: 16.2 ± 1.2 (M), 16.3 ± 1.3 (F) Cauc: 16.3 ± 1.2 (M), 15.8 ± 1.2 (F) | F + M | AA + Cauc | All | FI, FG, HOMA, QUICKI | VO2170 | BMI, DEXA | Yes | Sig. in males only |
| Imperatore et al. (2006) [67]* | 1783 | 15.4 ± 0.1 | F + M | Other | All | QUICKI | VO2max | BMI | Yes | Sig. in males only |
| Jago et al. (2010) [105] | 4955 | 11.3 ± 0.6 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG | Shuttle run | BMI, WC | Yes | 20% AA, 20% Cauc, 60% Hisp |
| Kasa-Vubu et al. (2005) [70]* | 53 | 18.7 ± 1.3 | F | Other | 10–95 | FI, FG, HOMA | VO2max | DEXA | Yes | |
| Krekoukia et al. (2007) [103]* | 54 | Lean: 10.3 ± 0.8 (M), 10.9 ± 0.8 (F); Obese: 9.8 ± 0.7 (M), 10 ± 0.6 (F) | F + M | Cauc | ≥95 | FI, HOMA | VO2max (from PWC-170) | BMI, Skinfolds, HC, WC | No | |
| Ku et al. (2000) [72]* | 68 | 8.9 ± 1.2 (M), 8.7 ± 1.9 (F) | F + M | AA + Cauc | All | FI, MinMod | VO2max | BMI, DEXA | Yes | Negative association |
| Lee et al. (2006) [106] | 122 | AA: 11.9 ± 0.3 Cauc: 11.7 ± 0.3 |
F + M | AA + Cauc | All | IS (Clamp) | VO2max | BMI, DEXA | No | Not sig. in AA nor Cauc |
| Mitchell et al. (2010) [81]* | 39 | 11.8 ± 2.2 | F + M | Other | All | HOMA | Shuttle run, VO2max | BMI, HC, WC | No | |
| Morinder et al. (2009) [95] | 228 | 12.9 ± 2.2 | F + M | Other | ≥95 | MinMod | VO2max | BMI, DEXA | Yes | |
| Nadeau et al. (2010) [107] | 27 | Control: 15.6 ± 1.8 Type 1 diabetics: 14.8 ± 2.6 |
F + M | Other | All | M | VO2peak, VO2kinetics | BMI, DEXA, HC, WC | Yes | Sig. in both control and type 1 diabetic groups |
| Rubin et al. (2008) [78]* | 437 | Normal weight: 12.1 ± 0.8 (M), 11.8 ± 0.7 (F); Overweight: 12.1 ± 0.7 (M), 11.9 ± 0.8 (F) | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG | VO2max | BMI, Skinfolds | Yes | |
| Ruiz et al. (2007) [77] | 873 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, HOMA | W/kg | BMI, Skinfolds, WC | Yes | Sig. in highest BF and WC tertiles only |
| Shaibi et al. (2005) [94] | 163 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | F + M | Hisp | ≥85 | FG, 2-hr glucose | VO2max | BMI, DEXA, WC | No | |
| Suriano et al. (2010) [108] | 180 | 10.9 ± 2.1 | F + M | Other | All | FI, FG, HOMA | Peak HR | BMI, WC | No | |
Abbreviations: AA, African American; Cauc, Caucasian; Hisp, Hispanic; M, male; F, female; SI, insulin sensitivity; IR, insulin resistance; MetS, Metabolic Syndrome; Clamp, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp; FI, fasting insulin; FG, fasting glucose; FG/FI, fasting glucose to insulin ratio; FI/FG, fasting insulin to glucose ratio; 2-h I, 2 hour insulin; 2-h G, 2 hour glucose; M, glucose utilization per kilogram of body mass per minute; MLBM, glucose utilization per kilogram of lean body mass per minute; IS, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rate; MinMod, minimal model from FSIVGTT; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; QUICKI, quantitative SI check index; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; Peak HR, average of minute-2 HR and minute-3 (completion) heart rates during step test; PWC-170, physical working capacity at 170 beats per minute; VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake attained during test; VO2peak, maximal oxygen uptake attainable by subject; VO2170, maximal oxygen uptake at 170 beats per minute; VO2kinetics, the behavior of VO2 following the onset of PA; W/kg, watts per kilogram of body mass; W/kg (FFM), watts per kilogram of fat-free mass; BF, body fat; BMI, body mass index; DEXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry; HC, hip circumference; WC, waist circumference.
Study appears in both Tables 1 and 2