Fig. 2.

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ synergistically induce transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression. Expression of TG2 was determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) in Caco-2, HT29, A549, Calu-6 and THP-1 cells (lower panel of the chart) stimulated for 24 h with TNF-α (10 ng/ml), IFN-γ (200 UI/ml) or a combination of both. Results were normalized against β-actin and relative TG2 mRNA levels were referred to the non-stimulated control (value = 1). Data represent means ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). The Mann–Whitney U-test was performed: *P < 0·05; **P < 0·01.