Fig. 7.
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression in human small intestinal mucosa. Duodenal samples from untreated coeliac disease (CD) patients (n = 5) and control individuals (n = 7) were incubated for 24 h with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (10 ng/ml) and interferon (IFN)-γ (200 UI/ml) or medium (NS) (a) or with TNF-α + IFN-γ in the presence of sulphasalazine (10 µM) or Ly294002 (2 µM) (b). In (a) the levels of TG2 transcript were determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) as fold increase (ΔCt) in comparison with the housekeeping gene (β-actin). In (b), the fold increase (2⁁ΔCt) of the TG2 transcript was normalized with the housekeeping gene (β-actin) and referred to the unstimulated tissue from each patient. Mann–Whitney U-test: *P < 0·05; **P < 0·01.