Table 2.
Comparison of baseline and final body weight, abdominal circumference, blood pressures, blood test, energy, nutritional intake, and number of walking steps for the four groups
| Characteristic | DE (n = 16) | D (n = 15) | E (n = 15) | C (n = 16) | p† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | p* | Mean (SD) | p* | Mean (SD) | p* | Mean (SD) | p* | ||
| Anthropometric measurements | |||||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 25.7 (1.1) | 25.4 (1.1) | 25.5 (0.8) | 25.4 (1.1) | 0.905 | ||||
| Final | 24.0 (1.2) | <0.001 | 24.1 (1.0) | <0.001 | 24.9 (0.8) | <0.009 | 24.8 (1.2) | 0.019 | 0.032 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 91.1 (4.2) | 93.6 (4.6) | 93.2 (3.4) | 93.1 (6.7) | 0.499 | ||||
| Final | 85.8 (3.8) | <0.001 | 89.3 (5.8) | <0.001 | 90.5 (3.8) | 0.008 | 90.0 (6.1) | 0.002 | 0.041 |
| Physiological measurements | |||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 131.0 (12.2) | 127.2 (15.6) | 126.4 (10.2) | 131.0 (9.7) | 0.596 | ||||
| Final | 125.4 (14.4) | 0.093 | 121.8 (12.9) | 0.025 | 127.2 (11.2) | 0.740 | 128.2 (17.2) | 0.472 | 0.612 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 76.6 (7.1) | 75.7 (9.6) | 75.2 (7.1) | 75.4 (8.8) | 0.965 | ||||
| Final | 74.3 (7.5) | 0.187 | 71.9 (8.0) | 0.043 | 75.8 (8.2) | 0.701 | 73.4 (6.5) | 0.339 | 0.540 |
| Blood chemical tests | |||||||||
| Blood glucose (mmol/l) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 5.2 (0.4) | 5.0 (0.5) | 5.1 (0.3) | 5.2 (0.4) | 0.449 | ||||
| Final | 5.0 (0.4) | 0.047 | 4.9 (0.4) | 0.434 | 5.2 (0.4) | 0.285 | 5.3 (0.6) | 0.564 | 0.205 |
| HbA1c (%) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 5.1 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.4) | 5.2 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.4) | 0.517 | ||||
| Final | 5.1 (0.4) | 0.827 | 5.1 (0.4) | 0.595 | 5.3 (0.4) | 0.158 | 5.4 (0.4) | 0.008 | 0.081 |
| A/G ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 1.38 (0.13) | 1.32 (0.16) | 1.37 (0.10) | 1.41 (0.16) | 0.353 | ||||
| Final | 1.36 (0.12) | 0.386 | 1.35 (0.20) | 0.149 | 1.38 (0.14) | 0.585 | 1.37 (0.14) | 0.099 | 0.931 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol/l) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 5.9 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.6) | 5.8 (0.8) | 6.0 (0.9) | 0.353 | ||||
| Final | 5.8 (0.7) | 0.474 | 5.5 (0.8) | 0.017 | 5.7 (0.8) | 0.258 | 5.7 (1.1) | 0.134 | 0.865 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.3) | 0.945 | ||||
| Final | 1.5 (0.4) | 0.062 | 1.6 (0.3) | 0.204 | 1.6 (0.3) | 0.730 | 1.5 (0.3) | 0.003 | 0.502 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/l) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.963 | ||||
| Final | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.580 | 1.2 (0.6) | 0.262 | 1.5 (1.0) | 0.476 | 1.5 (0.4) | 0.019 | 0.724 |
| Dietary intake | |||||||||
| Total energy (kJ/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 8782 (2766) | 8342 (1564) | 8702 (4012) | 10851 (2239) | 0.106 | ||||
| Final | 8434 (3004) | 0.347 | 7355 (1954)b | 0.009 | 9211 (3374) | 0.287 | 10447 (2488) | 0.615 | 0.039 |
| Protein (g/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 78.2 (26.9)a | 74.8 (20.3)b | 76.4 (28.3)c | 112.1 (34.2) | 0.002 | ||||
| Final | 80.7 (33.5) | 0.413 | 66.1 (23.7)b | 0.011 | 82.7 (30.6) | 0.113 | 100.7 (28.0) | 0.233 | 0.034 |
| Fat (g/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 64.9 (28.6) | 54.5 (9.6)b | 63.5 (33.5)c | 89.2 (28.4) | 0.009 | ||||
| Final | 66.3 (34.3) | 0.610 | 50.9 (15.7)b | 0.294 | 69.3 (34.6) | 0.115 | 84.1 (28.6) | 0.512 | 0.046 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 276.1 (59.6) | 287.8 (52.2) | 290.0 (141.1) | 325.6 (52.9) | 0.510 | ||||
| Final | 262.9 (72.7) | 0.311 | 246.8 (63.7) | 0.003 | 297.0 (106.6) | 0.684 | 324.0 (71.2) | 0.944 | 0.065 |
| Number of walking steps (/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 8813 (2738) | – | 7300 (2604) | – | 0.126‡ | ||||
| Final | 10372 (1932) | 0.005 | – | 11014 (3185) | <0.001 | – | 0.500‡ | ||
DE diet + exercise, D diet, E exercise, C control, SD standard deviation
Baseline, baseline examination; Final, final examination (at 6 months); Blood glucose, 5-h glucose; A/G ratio, albumin/globulin
* Within-group changes from baseline, significance of paired t test
†One-way factorial ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test were performed to compare the four groups
‡Significant difference between diet + exercise and exercise (unpaired t test)
aControl different from diet + exercise (p < 0.05)
bControl different from diet (p < 0.05)
cControl different from exercise (p < 0.05)