FIGURE 8.
σ1SR suppresses mitochondrial ATP production and enhances apoptosis following ER stress. A, intracellular ATP levels were measured in untreated cells or cells treated with 2 μg/ml tunicamycin at 24 and 48 h. B, TUNEL-positive cells were counted in treated cells at 24 and 48 h. One hundred cells from 13 randomly selected fields were counted in each experiment. C, real time PCR analysis showed that cytochrome c and ATP5A1 mRNA expression showed no significant differences between each group. n = 6 per experiment. Each bar represents the mean ± S.E. **, p < 0.01 versus control at no stimulation. #, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01 versus control at each time point.