Table 3.
HR for replacing 5% of energy from MUFA, PUFA or CH by 5% of energy from SFA and fatal and non-fatal CVD risk in participants in the EURODIAB PCS (n = 2,108, n cases = 148)
| Model | HR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| MUFA for SFA | ||
| Model 1a | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 |
| Model 2b | 0.98 | 0.89, 1.07 |
| PUFA for SFA | ||
| Model 1a | 1.00 | 0.94, 1.07 |
| Model 2b | 0.99 | 0.89, 1.09 |
| CH for SFA | ||
| Model 1a | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.02 |
| Model 2b | 0.96 | 0.89, 1.05 |
Values are HR and 95% CI obtained from Cox proportional hazards models. The estimated HR for MUFA, PUFA or CH can be interpreted as replacing 5% of energy from MUFA, PUFA or CH by 5% of energy from SFA and occurrence of CVD
Nutrients were adjusted for total energy by using the nutrient residual method [31]
aModel 1 included age (continuous), sex, MUFA, PUFA, TFA, protein and CH (en%), and total energy (kJ/day)
bModel 2 additionally included diabetes duration (years), HbA1c (%), smoking status (no, previous, current), physical activity (physical inactivity, mild physical activity ≥1 time/week, moderate physical activity ≥1 time/week, vigorous physical activity ≥1 time/week) and alcohol (0, >0–<5, 5–<15, 15–<30, 30–<40, ≥40 g/day)