Table 2.
Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥60 years, previously not known to have heart failure, categorised as newly detected heart failure or no heart failure after the diagnostic assessment
| Characteristic | All patients (n = 581) | Newly detected heart failure (n = 161) | No heart failure (n = 420) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) age (years)a | 71.6 (7.4) | 74.5 (7.7) | 70.5 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| Male | 310 (53.4) | 77 (47.8) | 233 (55.5) | 0.098 |
| Median (IQR) duration of diabetesa | 5.5 (3.0, 15.2) | 6.3 (3.3, 10.2) | 5.1 (3.0, 10.1) | 0.292 |
| Mean (SD) HbA1c (%) | 6.7 (0.7) | 6.7 (0.7) | 6.7 (0.7) | 0.519 |
| Mean (SD) HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 49.5 (8.0) | 49.9 (8.2) | 49.4 (7.4) | 0.519 |
| Current smoker | 80 (13.8) | 24 (14.9) | 56 (13.3) | 0.622 |
| Mean (SD) BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 (5.1) | 29.7 (6.0) | 27.6 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| BMI >30 kg/m2 | 163 (28.1) | 63 (39.1) | 100 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| Comorbiditiesb | ||||
| Ischaemic heart diseasec | 108 (18.6) | 50 (31.1) | 58 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 42 (7.2) | 20 (12.4) | 22 (5.2) | 0.003 |
| Stroke/TIA | 55 (9.5) | 23 (14.3) | 32 (7.6) | 0.014 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 39 (6.7) | 21 (13.0) | 18 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 381 (65.6) | 119 (73.9) | 262 (62.4) | 0.009 |
| Asthma/COPD | 71 (12.2) | 28 (17.4) | 43 (10.2) | 0.018 |
| Renal dysfunction | 26 (4.5) | 11 (6.8) | 15 (3.6) | 0.089 |
| Thyroid disease | 43 (7.4) | 15 (9.3) | 28 (6.7) | 0.275 |
| Medication | ||||
| Loop diuretics | 36 (6.2) | 22 (13.7) | 14 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 167 (28.7) | 51 (31.7) | 116 (27.6) | 0.333 |
| ACE-inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers | 306 (52.7) | 102 (63.4) | 204 (48.6) | <0.001 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 4 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (0.7) | 0.903 |
| β-Blockers | 209 (36.0) | 84 (52.2) | 125 (29.8) | <0.001 |
| Dihydropyridines | 30 (5.2) | 14 (8.7) | 16 (3.8) | 0.017 |
| Non-dihydropyridines | 65 (11.2) | 26 (16.1) | 39 (9.3) | 0.019 |
| Metformin | 302 (52.0) | 91 (56.5) | 211 (50.2) | 0.175 |
| Sulfonylurea derivatives | 213 (36.7) | 59 (36.6) | 154 (36.7) | 0.996 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 17 (2.9) | 4 (2.5) | 14 (3.1) | 0.696 |
| Insulin | 73 (12.6) | 23 (14.3) | 50 (11.9) | 0.438 |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Dyspnoea | 251 (43.2) | 117 (72.7) | 134 (31.9) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 228 (39.2) | 104 (64.6) | 124 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea or orthopnoea | 61 (10.5) | 31 (19.3) | 30 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Swollen ankles | 161 (27.7) | 75 (46.6) | 86 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| Nocturia | 260 (44.8) | 94 (58.4) | 166 (39.5) | <0.001 |
| Angina pectoris | 48 (8.3) | 24 (14.9) | 24 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| Palpitations | 113 (19.4) | 43 (26.7) | 70 (16.7) | 0.006 |
| Additional tests | ||||
| Abnormal ECGd | 342 (58.9) | 128 (79.5) | 214 (51.0) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP ≥15 pmol/l (125 pg/ml) | 183 (31.5) | 87 (54.0) | 96 (22.9) | <0.001 |
| Median (IQR) NT-proBNP | 9.0 (5,18) | 16.0 (9, 41) | 8 (5, 14) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic variables | ||||
| Mean (SD) LVEF | 60.2 (8.2) | 56.9 (9.4) | 61.4 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| LVEF >55% | 438 (75.4) | 107 (66.5) | 331 (78.8) | 0.002 |
| LVEF 45–55% | 117 (20.1) | 34 (21.1) | 83 (19.8) | 0.430 |
| LVEF ≤45% | 26 (4.5) | 20 (12.4) | 6 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) e' | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.2) | 0.07 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) E/e' | 9.5 (3.4) | 11.4 (5.0) | 8.8 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) LA volume index (ml/m2) | 27.7 (9.0) | 32.6 (10.3) | 25.9 (7.8) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) LVED volume index (ml/m2) | 43.8 (14.9) | 47.7 (18.1) | 42.4 (13.4) | 0.002 |
| Diastolic dysfunction grade I | 290 (50.5) | 141 (89.8) | 149 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic dysfunction grade II | 13 (2.3) | 11 (7.0) | 2 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic dysfunction grade III | 3 (0.5) | 3 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.005 |
Values are number (%) unless stated otherwise
aAt time of investigation
bComorbidities mentioned by the patient during history taking
cPrior myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary bypass grafting or percutaneous intervention
dAny abnormality
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVED, left ventricular end diastolic; TIA, transient ischaemic attack