Table 2.

Some screening methods and other techniques for analyses of melamine and related compounds

Method	Matrix	Analyst	LOD (mg/kg)	Comments	Reference
FPIA	Milk	MEL	0.0093	Fluorescence polarization immunoassay	Wang et al., 2011
ELISA	Animal muscle tissues	MEL, CYA	0.0018 (MEL); 0.0045 (CYA)	Hapten synthesis	Liu et al., 2010
ELISA	MEL standard	MEL	0.0026	Hapten synthesis	Lei et al., 2010
ELISA	Dog food	MEL	0.009	Commercial kit	Garber, 2008
MIPES	Milk	MEL	8.82×10−5	High sensitivity	Li et al., 2011
MIPCD	Liquid milk and milk powder	MEL	0.02	The 96-well micro-plate was modified with sol-gel film	Yu et al., 2009
CE-MS	Milk powder	MEL, AML, AMD, CYA	0.0022‒0.0194	Mass spectrometric detection	Huang et al., 2012
CE-UV	Infant formula	MEL	0.0005 and 0.0092	Two on-line preconcentration steps	Tsai et al., 2009
CZE-DAD	Egg, dairy products and pet feed	MEL, AML, AMD, CYA	0.045‒0.342	Without solid phase extraction step	Xia et al., 2010
Ag NP	MEL	Raw milk	0.292	Label-free silver nanoparticles as a probe	Ping et al., 2012
Au NP	Milk	MEL	0.006	Based on the 18-crown-6 ether functionalized Au NP	Kuang et al., 2011
Au NP	Milk	MEL	0.04	Colorimetric visual detection, label-free Au NP	Wei et al., 2010
Microfluidic device	Milk products	MEL	0.23	No sample pretreatment, UV detection	Zhai et al., 2010

FPIA: fluorescence polarization immunoassay; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MIPES: molecularly imprinted polymer-electrochemical sensor; MIPCD: molecularly imprinted polymer-chemiluminescence detection; CE: capillary electrophoresis; MS: mass spectrometry; UV: ultraviolet; CZE: capillary zone electrophoresis; DAD: diode array detection; NP: nanoparticle; MEL: melamine; CYA: cyanuric acid; AML: ammeline; AMD: ammelide; LOD: limit of detection