Table 2.
The Association of Smoking with Annual Rate of Decline in Pulmonary Function Parameters1 for High (90th percentile) vs. Low (10th percentile) Dietary Antioxidant Intake in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Memphis, TN and Pittsburgh, PA; 1997-.
| Nutrient (90th vs. 10th percentile) | Smoking Status | FEV1 Decline mls/yr | FVC Decline mls/yr | FEV1/FVC Decline | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Intake | Low Intake | High Intake | Low Intake | High Intake | Low Intake | ||
| Vitamin C2 236.5 vs. 65.2 mg/day |
Continuous | −25 (−42, −8) | −43 (−58, −29) | −18 (−46, 11) | −40 (−64, −16) | −1.0 (−2.0, −0.1) | −2.4 (−3.1, −1.6) |
| Quit3 | 18 (−13, 49) | −52 (−78, −26) | 44 (−7, 95) | −34 (−78, 9) | −2.0 (−3.3, −0.7) | −2.8 (−3.9, −1.6) | |
| Former | −50 (−57, −44) | −36 (−42, −30) | −46 (−57, −35) | −22 (−32, −12) | −1.3 (−1.6, −1.0) | −1.4 (−1.7, −1.2) | |
| Never | −42 (−48, −37) | −39 (−45, −34) | −39 (−49, −29) | −34 (−44, −25) | −1.4 (−1.6, −1.1) | −1.3 (−1.5, −1.0) | |
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| Vitamin E4 19.5 vs. 5.1 α-TE/day |
Continuous | −29 (−48, −9) | −42 (−57, −26) | −36 (−68, −3) | −29 (−55, −2) | −1.0 (−2.3, 0.3) | −2.4 (−3.3, −1.5) |
| Quit3 | 37 (1, 74) | −59 (−86, −32) | 78 (17, 139) | −47 (−92, −1) | −2.0 (−3.4, −0.6) | −2.7 (−3.8, −1.6) | |
| Former | −45 (−51, −39) | −41 (−46, −36) | −39 (−49, −29) | −28 (−37, −20) | −1.4 (−1.6, −1.1) | −1.4 (−1.6, −1.2) | |
| Never | −41 (−46, −35) | −41 (−46, −36) | −35 (−45, −25) | −38 (−46, −29) | −1.5 (−1.7, −1.2) | −1.2 (−1.4, −1.0) | |
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| β-carotene5 6592 vs. 1186 μg/day |
Continuous | −40 (−59, −20) | −35 (−50, −20) | −37 (−70, −4) | −28 (−54, −3) | −1.7 (−2.8, −0.6) | −2.0 (−2.7, −1.2) |
| Quit3 | 42 (−1, 84) | −51 (−77, −24) | 62 (−9, 133) | −28 (−72, 16) | −2.0 (−3.8, −0.2) | −2.2 (−3.2, −1.1) | |
| Former | −41 (−48, −34) | −43 (−48, −38) | −34 (−45, −22) | −32 (−41, −24) | −1.4 (−1.7, −1.1) | −1.4 (−1.6, −1.2) | |
| Never | −43 (−49, −37) | −39 (−44, −34) | −38 (−48, −28) | −36 (−44, −27) | −1.3 (−1.6, −1.0) | −1.3 (−1.6, −1.1) | |
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| Fruits & Vegetables6 8 vs. 2 servings/day |
Continuous | −21 (−41, −1) | −46 (−62, −31) | −12 (−45, 22) | −45 (−71, −18) | −1.6 (−2.7, −0.6) | −2.1 (−2.8, −1.3) |
| Quit3 | −7 (−33, 19) | −48 (−75, −20) | 11 (−33, 54) | −21 (−67, 25) | −2.2 (−3.4, −1.0) | −2.7 (−3.9, −1.6) | |
| Former | −49 (−56, −42) | −37 (−44, −31) | −39 (−50, −27) | −28 (−39, −17) | −1.4 (−1.7, −1.1) | −1.3 (−1.6, −1.1) | |
| Never | −42 (−48, −36) | −40 (−46, −33) | −38 (−48, −28) | −35 (−46, −24) | −1.3 (−1.5, −1.0) | −1.3 (−1.6, −1.1) | |
Abbreviations: α-TE, α-Tocopherol Equivalents; FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in the 1st second of effort; FVC, Forced Vital Capacity;
Rate of decline estimated from hierarchical mixed models for each nutrient, adjusted for age, height, race, gender, pulmonary drug use, study site, years of education, family income, current cigarettes/day, and calorie intake (separate models for each antioxidant, all nutrient variables modeled as continuous variables, but presented as contrasts of high vs. low intake to illustrate effect size).
P for interaction of vitamin C intake with smoking P < 0.0001 (FEV1); P =0.002 (FVC); and P =0.1 (FEV1/FVC).
Quit category is comprised of smokers at baseline who quit during follow-up.
P for interaction of vitamin E intake with smoking P = 0.003 (FEV1); P= 0.005 (FVC); P= 0.2 (FEV1/FVC).
P for interaction of B-carotene with smoking P = 0.003 (FEV1); P =0.2 (FVC); P =0.9 (FEV1/FVC).
P for interaction of fruit and vegetable intake with smoking P = 0.003 (FEV1); P= 0.2 (FVC); P =0.8 (FEV1/FVC).