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NMDA receptor signaling during the awake state (a) and during ketamine administration (b). (a) Normal glutamatergic regulation of GABAergic interneuron signaling during wakefulness and normal pain pathway signaling. (b) Ketamine blockage of GABAergic interneuron inhibition and ketamine-induced mechanism of analgesia. Abbreviations: DRG, dorsal root ganglia; GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid; Glu, glutamate; PAF, peripheral afferent fiber; PN, projection neuron.
