Fig. 3.

Hypothesized role of mate choice learning on the evolution of butterfly ornament diversity. (A) Ancestral wing pattern reconstruction for a clade of Bicyclus species including B. anynana showing where ornaments have been gained (+) and lost (−) in males of the species (based on ref. 25). (B) Ornament gain can be driven by a genetically determined preference for signal enhancement or a learned preference for signal enhancement (via oblique sexual imprinting). When ornament gains are driven by learned preferences, females should exhibit a genetically determined bias in learning ability toward enhanced signals instead of a genetically determined preference for signal enhancement, which is the case for B. anynana. Box signifies preference, red arrows signify change in preference, blue signify change in phenotype.