Table 1.

Age-adjusted baseline characteristics by sex and ethnic origin

	Non-Hispanic whites		Mexican Americans		Ethnicity (P)	Sex (P)	Ethnicity × sex interaction (P)
	Men	Women	Men	Women
n	242	268	425	605
Age*	44.1 ± 0.7	43.5 ± 0.7	42.6 ± 0.5	43.7 ± 0.4	0.367	0.360	0.145
BMI (kg/m2)	26.9 ± 0.3	25.5 ± 0.3	28.2 ± 0.2	28.7 ± 0.2	< 0.001	0.637	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	96.0 ± 0.8	81.5 ± 0.8	94.9 ± 0.6	87.2 ± 0.5	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Family history of diabetes (%)	14.4 (10.5–19.5)	20.1 (15.7–25.3)	35.1 (30.7–39.7)	42.2 (38.3–46.9)	< 0.001	0.005	0.724
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	4.82 ± 0.04	4.63 ± 0.03	4.87 ± 0.03	4.72 ± 0.02	0.024	< 0.001	0.516
1-h glucose (mmol/l)	7.55 ± 0.14	6.72 ± 0.13	7.90 ± 0.10	7.23 ± 0.09	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.501
2-h glucose (mmol/l)	5.21 ± 0.11	5.59 ± 0.10	5.69 ± 0.08	6.25 ± 0.07	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.349
Fasting insulin (mU/l)†	9.22 ± 0.52	6.94 ± 0.37	10.83 ± 0.46	10.32 ± 0.46	< 0.001	0.004	0.011
1-h insulin (mU/l)†	81.0 ± 3.7	64.5 ± 2.8	104.8 ± 3.6	90.5 ± 2.6	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.291
2-h insulin (mU/l)†	39.6 ± 2.5	47.9 ± 3.0	60.9 ± 2.5	79.8 ± 3.3	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.432
HOMA IR†	1.96 ± 0.12	1.42 ± 0.08	2.33 ± 0.10	2.15 ± 0.08	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.011
Matsuda index†	4.08 ± 0.20	5.31 ± 0.25	3.16 ± 0.12	3.43 ± 0.11	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.028
ΔI0–30/ΔG0–30†	1.13 ± 0.06	1.30 ± 0.07	1.42 ± 0.06	1.71 ± 0.06	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.628
I/GAUC 60–120†	0.58 ± 0.02	0.56 ± 0.02	0.75 ± 0.02	0.76 ± 0.02	< 0.001	0.924	0.440
S1PhOGTT†	1241 ± 45	1170 ± 40	1451 ± 39	1543 ± 35	< 0.001	0.456	0.046
S2PhOGTT†	331 ± 10	307 ± 9	385 ± 9	397 ± 8	< 0.001	0.777	0.042

Data are n, mean ± standard error or rates ± 95% confidence intervals.

^*Non-adjusted values;

^†Back-transformed from log transformation.

HOMA IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; I_0–30/G_0–30, insulinogenic index from 0 to 30 min; I/G_{AUC 60–120}, ratio of area under the insulin curve to area under the glucose curve from 60 to 120 min; S1Ph_OGTT and S2Ph_OGTT, Stumvoll’s first phase and second phase insulin release, respectively.