Table 1.

Sample Characteristics

	Full Sample (N=2552)	1st Trimester Care (N=1474)	Late Care (N=1078)
Markers of child health at 5 years
Excellent or very good health	.88	.88	.88
Asthma diagnosis	.21	.20	.23*
Overweight (>85th percentile BMI)*	.34	.35	.33
Height percentile (mean)*	54.4	55.3	53.2
Sociodemographic measures
Mother’s age (years)
<20	.19	.15	.23*
20–34	.72	.74	.70
Parents’ Relationship
Married	.25	.32	.16*
Cohabiting	.37	.35	.40
Mother’s race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic black	.47	.43	.52*
Non-Hispanic white	.21	.27	.14
Hispanic	.28	.27	.29
Mother’s education
< high school graduate	.33	.28	.41
High school graduate	.30	.30	.30
Some college	.26	.27	.24
Mother foreign born	.15	.16	.15
Publicly insured birth	.63	.55	.73*
Mother’s first birth	.38	.41	.34*
Father < high school graduate	.33	.30	.38*
Father’s age (years)
< 20	.09	.07	.11*
20–34	.74	.74	.74
Mother lived with both parents at age 15	.43	.46	.39*
Mother attends religious services several times per month	.38	.41	.35*
Health measures
Child
Low birthweight	.09	.09	.09
Birth length (mean, in cm)	50.0	50.3	49.8*
Mother
Excellent or very good health	.66	.67	.65
Pre-existing lung disease	.14	.14	.15
Obese	.24	.25	.22
Missing weight or height	.10	.08	.14*
Height (mean, in cm)	162.5	162.5	162.6
Father
Excellent or very good health	.61	.64	.56*
Medication for asthma	.02	.02	.03
Missing asthma medication	.16	.14	.20*
Obese	.20	.21	.19
Missing obesity	.21	.18	.26*
Height (mean, in cm)	177.1	177.4	176.6*
Missing height	.21	.18	.25*

Notes: All figures are proportions unless indicated otherwise.

^*Child overweight and height percentile are based on the child’s age and sex. These outcomes were collected in the 5-year in-home module, which had a lower response rate than the core 5-year survey; these analyses were based on a sample of 1395, of which 808 had first trimester care and 587 had late care. The means for mother obese, father obese, child’s birth length, mother’s height, father’s height, and missing on any of those are based on the smaller sample.

^*Statistically significant (p<.05) difference between first trimester and later care groups.