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Overall mean (a) and effect sizes (means ± 95% CIs) of relationship between measures of direct and ant-mediated defences in plants grouped by (b) level of study, (c) type of direct defences, and (d) type of rewards offered to ants (FBs, food bodies, EFNs, extrafloral nectaries). Effects are significantly different from 0 when 95% CI does not contain zero. Numbers in parentheses refer to the number of correlations for the specific groups.
