Table 1.

Mean running speed, patella femoral joint compressive force (PFJCF), peak knee moment (M_k(max)), knee angle at peak knee moment (θ_K), leg angle (θ_L) at peak knee moment (M_k(max)) and peak hip moment (M_h(max)) with standard deviations for forward and backward running. ^⁎ indicates that the backward running condition was significantly different from forward running with p<0.05, and ^⁎⁎ with p<0.01.

	Speed (m/s)	PFJCF(BW)	Mk(max) (Nm/BW)	θKatMk(max)(deg.)	θLatMk(max)(deg.)	Mh(max)(Nm/BW)
Forward	3.0±0.2	4.5±1.5	0.23±0.07	44±6	80±4	0.11±0.04
Backward	3.0±0.2	3.4±1.4⁎⁎	0.18±0.06⁎⁎	41±7⁎	82±3⁎⁎	0.16±0.04⁎⁎
Significance	0.46	<0.01	<0.01	<0.05	<0.01	<0.01