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Proportion of patients who had a change of ≥ 15 on the ODI at 1-year and 4-years from baseline. Based on the adjusted as-treated analysis for the randomized and observational cohorts combined, according to treatment received.
| Surgery | Nonoperative | Treatment Effect (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At 1-Year | 64.7% | 30.7% | 33.9% (26.1, 41.7) | <0.001 |
| At 4-Year | 60.6% | 32.4% | 28.2% (18.6, 37.7) | <0.001 |
