Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and kidney disease outcomes, stratified by HIV and diabetes status.
| Overall N=31073 | No HIV or DM N=13562 | DM only N=5088 | HIV only N=10626 | HIV and DM N=1796 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | |||||
| Mean age at baseline, years | 53 (10) | 52 (10) | 57 (9) | 51 (10) | 56 (9) |
| Male gender (%) | 97 | 97 | 98 | 97 | 98 |
| Black race (%) | 45 | 43 | 47 | 46 | 49 |
| Median follow-up, years (IQR) | 5.0 (3.0, 7.0) | 4.7 (2.8, 6.7) | 5.4 (3.4, 7.0) | 4.4 (2.5, 6.4) | 5.1 (3.1, 7.0) |
| Co-morbidities at baseline | |||||
| Hypertension (%) | 34 | 35 | 61 | 18 | 45 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 7 | 7 | 14 | 3 | 10 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| Hepatitis C infection (%) | 21 | 14 | 14 | 31 | 39 |
| Hepatitis B infection (%) | 2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 4 | 3 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 52 | 48 | 62 | 51 | 64 |
| Alcohol use (%) | 15 | 15 | 10 | 16 | 17 |
| Drug use (%) | 14 | 12 | 8 | 18 | 17 |
| Median CD4 count at baseline1, cells/m3 | 319 (126, 523) | - | - | 314 (126, 517) | 355 (128, 586) |
| Median HIV-RNA at baseline1, log10 copies/mL | 4 (3, 5) | - | - | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (3, 5) |
| cART use at baseline (%), among HIV+ | 21 | - | - | 21 | 21 |
| Nephrotoxic ARV use during follow-up | |||||
| Atazanavir use (%) | 21 | - | - | 21 | 21 |
| Indinavir use (%) | 7 | - | - | 6 | 9 |
| Lopinavir use (%) | 23 | - | - | 23 | 22 |
| Tenofovir use (%) | 23 | - | - | 23 | 24 |
| Mean HbA1c at baseline2, % of total | 7.7 (2.2) | - | 7.9 (2.2) | - | 7.3 (2.2) |
| ACEI/ARB use at baseline (%) | 40 | - | 84 | - | 72 |
| Mean eGFR at baseline, ml/min/1.73m2 | 94 (19) | 92 (18) | 91 (19) | 98 (19) | 95 (20) |
| eGFR ≥60 at baseline (%) | 94 | 95 | 92 | 93 | 89 |
| Mean number of eGFR measures | 18 (18) | 13 (13) | 22 (20) | 20 (17) | 32 (26) |
| eGFR < 45 during follow-up, n (%) | 2213 (7.1) | 480 (3.5) | 597 (11.7) | 812 (7.6) | 324 (18.0) |
| Mortality (%) | 9 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 17 |
Data are reported as mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range), or %. DM, diabetes mellitus; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; ARV, antiretroviral agent; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate estimated using the CKD-EPI formula; mortality, proportion of subjects who died during the analysis period.
1
Among 12423 subjects with HIV, 32% were missing data on baseline CD4 count and 28% were missing data on baseline HIV-RNA.
2
Among 6884 subjects with DM, 32% were missing data on baseline HbA1c.