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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Immunol. 2012 Jun 15;189(2):1014–1023. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200857

Figure 7. A schematic illustration of potential mechanisms responsible for low grade inflammation induced by low dose LPS.

Figure 7

Low dose LPS activates ATF2 through IRAK-1 and Tollip-mediated production of mitochondria ROS. In the meantime, low dose LPS suppresses PI3K, IRAK-M, and other related negative regulators. As a consequence, low dose LPS induces mild, prolonged, and skewed expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. In contrast, high dose LPS potently activated NFκB pathway, as well as the PI3K pathway, and causes robust yet transient expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators.