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The effects of oral administration of the β-(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D-glucan on cytokine expressions in the serum of Holstein cows. Serum was sampled from the Holstein cows used in Figure 1A and B, and then the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; A), interleukin (IL)-6 (B), and IL-8 (C) in the serum were quantified by ELISA. The bar graphs indicate the quantification value of each serum, and the line graphs show the mean.
