Table 1.
Endothelial progenitor cell measurement in systemic lupus erythematosus
| Number of patients with SLE |
EPC definition | Main findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 with SLE | CD34+KDR+ | ↓ CD34+, ↓ CD34+KDR+ in SLE | Westerweel et al. [49], 2005 |
| 15 controls | EPCs inversely correlated with cholesterol | ||
| ↑ EPCs in hydroxychloroquine users | |||
| ↑ CD34+ apoptotic cells in SLE | |||
| 135 with SLE (95% were women) |
CD34/CD133+ | ↓ CD34/CD133+ in SLE | Denny et al. [50], 2007 |
| EPCs correlated with disease activity | |||
| 60 controls (55% were women) |
Impaired differentiation to EC | ||
| EPCs have increased IFN-α expression in SLE | |||
| 44 with SLE | CD34/CD133+ | ↓ CD34+, CD133+, CD34/CD133+ in SLE | Moonen et al. [51], 2007 |
| 35 controls | ↓ CFUs in SLE | ||
| No correlation with SLE factors | |||
| 70 with SLE | CFU-Hill | ↓ CFU-Hill in SLE | Lee et al. [56], 2007 |
| 31 controls | CD34/KDR+ | ↓ CD34/KDR+ in SLE | |
| EPCs inversely correlated with hsCRP | |||
| No correlation with CHD risk factors or SLE factors | |||
| High IFN-I levels associated with impaired endothelial function in SLE | |||
| 31 with SLE | CD34/CD133/KDR+ | ↔ CD34/CD133/KDR+ | Grisar et al. [54], 2008 |
| 14 controls | CFU-Hill | ↔ CFU-Hill | |
| 28 with SLE | CFU-Hill | ↔ CFU-Hill | Ablin et al. [55], 2010 |
| 50 controls | No correlation with CHD risk factors or SLE factors | ||
| 19 with SLE | KDR/CD133+ CD34/KDR+ | ↓ CD34/KDR+ in SLE | Ebner et al. [57], 2010 |
| 19 controls | Late-outgrowth colonies | ↑ KDR/CD133+ in SLE | |
| ↔ Late-outgrowth colonies | |||
| 17 with SLE (100% were women) |
CD34/CD133/KDR+ | ↓ CD34/CD133/KDR+ in SLE | Baker et al. [52], 2011 |
| CD34/CD133+ | ↔ CD34/CD133+ | ||
| 13 controls (38% were women) |
No correlation with coronary artery calcification score in SLE | ||
| 35 with active SLE | Late-outgrowth colonies | ↔ CD34/Dil-acLDL/UEA | Deng et al. [53], 2010 |
| 35 controls | CD34/Dil-acLDL/UEA | ↓ proliferation, adhesion, and migration in SLE | |
| No correlation with SLE factors |
↑, increase in; ↓, decrease in; ↔, no change in; CFU, colony-forming unit; CHD, coronary heart disease; Dil-acLDL, Dil-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein; EC, endothelial cell; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IFN-α, interferon-alpha; KDR, kinase insert domain receptor; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; UEA, Ulex europaeus agglutinin.