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. 2012 Jul 10;7(7):e40556. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040556

Figure 5. Role of insulin-like signaling in Anopheles mosquitoes during Plasmodium infection.

Figure 5

(A) Expression of insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and insulin receptor (INR) gene in P. berghei-infected A. gambiae at 13 dpi. The expression levels were determined by compared to the expression level of A. gambiae actin gene. Error bars indicate standard deviation and P values were analyzed by t-test. (B) Knocking down insulin-like signaling interferes with Plasmodium development in the mosquitoes. dsRNA against INR or ILP3/6, 4, 5 (pooled) were injected into P. berghei-infected A. gambiae at 5 dpi. dsRNA for EGFP were infected as the control. 4 and 8 days after dsRNA injection, the level of P. berghei load at the mosquitoes were quantified by qRT-PCR. Each dot represents the P. berghei 18S rRNA load in one mosquito normalized to A. gambiae actin gene. Bars indicate mean values and P values were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. (C) Fold changes of P. berghei load in the mosquitoes were compared between 4 and 8 days post dsRNA injection.