Table 2.
Cardiac Disorders and Pathophysiological Mechanisms Presumptively Associated with Cardioembolic Stroke in 402 Patients. Distribution by Cardiac Source Risk Groups. Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry
| Cardiac source of embolism | Total patients | |
|---|---|---|
| Arrhythmia without structural heart disease | 89 (22.1%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 88 | |
| Atrial flutter | 1 | |
| Isolated structural heart disease | 81 (20.1%) | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 35 | |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 3 (thrombus 2) | |
| Left ventricular aneurysm | 7 (thrombus 3) | |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% | 12 | |
| Akinesia/dyskinesia ≥ two segments | 13 (thrombus 3) | |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 24 (thrombus 5) | |
| Mitral annular calcification | 14* | |
| Cardiac tumour | 4 | |
| Aortic prosthetic valve | 4 | |
| Endocarditis | 2 | |
| Atrial septal aneurysm with patent foramen ovale | 2 | |
| Rheumatic mitral valve disease | 1 | |
| Mitral valve prolapse | 1 | |
| Calcified aortic stenosis | 1 | |
| Moderate mitral valve regurgitation | 1 | |
| Structural heart disease and atrial arrhythmia | 232 (57.7%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 230 | |
| Atrial flutter | 2 | |
| Hypertrophic hypertensive cardiac disease | 120 | |
| Rheumatic mitral valve disease | 49 (thrombus 7) | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 19 | |
| Left ventricular aneurysm | 3 (thrombus 1) | |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% | 9 | |
| Akinesia/dyskinesia two segments | 7 (thrombus 1) | |
| Mitral annular calcification | 26† | |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 13 (thrombus 2) | |
| Mitral valve prolapse | 4 | |
| Mitral prosthetic valve | 3 (thrombus 2) | |
| Lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum | 2 | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 2 | |
| Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale | 2 | |
| Severe mitral regurgitation | 2 | |
In 8 patients in association with a structural cardiac source of embolism (dilated cardiomyopathy, n=2; ischaemic heart disease with ventricular ejection fraction < 40%, n=2; acute myocardial infarction, n=1; left ventricular aneurysm, n =1; aortic prosthetic valve, n=1; mitral leaflet calcification with moderate regurgitation, n=1).
In 10 patients in association with a structural cardiac source of embolism (hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy, n=8; mitral leaflet calcification with severe degenerative type regurgitation, n=2).