Table 1.
Classes and subgroups of agents prohibited at all times (or at competition only*) according to the World Anti-Doping Agency
| Substance group | Features and effects | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) | Anabolic effects | Endogenous AAS |
| Exogenous AAS | ||
| Peptide hormones, growth factors and related substances | Stimulate growth, erythropoiesis, steroid synthesis, and metabolism | Erythropoietin, hCG, LH, insulins, corticotropin, GH, IGF1, etc |
| β2-adrenoceptor stimulants | Bronchodilating effects | |
| Hormone antagonists and modulators | Conceal side effects of AAS | Aromatase inhibitors, selective oestrogen receptor modulators (e.g. tamoxifen), other anti-oestrogenic substances |
| Diuretics and other masking substances | Pharmacological manipulation and masking effects | Diuretics, epitestosterone, probenicid, 5α-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, plasma expanders) |
| Stimulants* | Promote psychological motivation and physical performance | Amphetamine. cocaine, methamphetamine, strychnine, sibutramine, methylphenidate, selegiline, ephedrine |
| Narcotic analgesic agents* | May make the individual ‘euphoric’ | Morphine, heroin, other opioids |
| Cannabinoids* | May make the individual ‘euphoric’ | Hashish, marijuana |
| Glucocorticoids (cortisone)* | Targeted sedation | |
| Alcohol*† | Reduces pulse rate and trembling | |
| β-adrenoceptor blockers*‡ |
*
Prohibited in competition.
†
Forbidden in certain sports (racing).
‡
Forbidden in shooting sports.