Table 1.
Toll-Like Receptors Expressed by Human Granulocytes and their Natural Ligands
| TLR | Ligands | Associated pathogens* | Granulocyte expression# |
|---|---|---|---|
| TLR-1 | Triacylated lipoproteins | Bacteria | Neutrophils, eosinophils [291] |
| TLR-2 | Lipoproteins | Bacteria# | Neutrophils [292], Basophils [293], Eosinophils [291] |
| Zymosan | Fungi | ||
| Ara-lipoarabinomannan | Mycobacteria | ||
| Lysophosphatidylcholine (54) | Schistosomes | ||
| Lipotechoic acid | Gram +ve bacteria | ||
| Chitin (294; 290) | Fungi, protists, nematodes, arthropods | ||
| TLR-3 | dsRNA | Viruses | Eosinophils [295] |
| TLR-4 | Lipopolysaccharide | Gram -ve bacteria | Neutrophils [291], Basophils [293], Eosinophils [296] |
| Heat-shock proteins | Various | ||
| Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (55) | Schistosomes | ||
| Glycoprotein ES-62 (58) | Filarial nematodes | ||
| TLR-5 | Flagellin | Bacteria | Neutrophils [291], Eosinophils [296] |
| TLR-6 | Diacylated lipoproteins | Mollicutes and rickettsiae# | Neutrophils [297], Eosinophils [296] |
| TLR-7 | ssRNA | Viruses | Eosinophils [298], Neutrophils [291] |
| TLR-8 | ssRNA | Viruses | Neutrophils [299] |
| TLR-9 | Unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides | Bacteria, viruses | Neutrophils [289], Basophils [293], Eosinophils [291] |
| TLR-10 | Unknown | - | Eosinophils [291], Basophils [293], Neutrophils [291] |