Table 2. Crude and adjusted odds ratios for independent risk factors.

adj. p value	Adjusted odds ratio(95% C.I), p-value	Crude p-value	Crude odds ratio(95% C.I), p-value	Category	Characteristic
<0.001	2.6 (1.56 - 4.26) p<0.001	0.005	1.6 (1.16 - 2.32) p=0.005	Males	Gender
	1.00		1.00	Females
0.005	6.9 (1.85 - 25.93) p=0.004	0.032	2.7 (1.13 - 6.20) p=0.024	Illiterate / read and write	Education Literacy Level
	3.1 (0.73 - 13.21) p=0.126		1.8 (0.66 - 4.75) p=0.259	School
	1.00		1.00	College or above
0.037	1.00	<0.001	1.00	>5	Duration of DM (years)
	2.0 (1.16 - 3.52) p=0.014		2.1 (1.38 - 3.07) p=0.001	5 - 10
	2.0 (1.04 - 3.84) p=0.037		2.1 (1.31 - 3.50) p =0.002	10 - 15
	2.2 (0.86 - 5.72) p=0.099		3.3 (1.49 - 7.22) p=0.003	≥15
0.039	2.8 (1.05 - 7.45) p=0.039	0.037	2.1(1.03 - 4.25) p=0.041	Present	Family history of diabetic nephropathy
	1.00		1.00	Absent
< .001	1.00	<0.001	1.00	<7	HbA1C at diagnosis
	1.5 (0.83 - 2.78) p=0.180		1.5 (0.88 - 2.41) p=0.142	7 - 8
	2.8 (1.61 - 4.86) p<0.001		3.4 (2.25 - 5.28) p<0.001	≥8