Table 2. List of the new drug-productive species emerged in 1991–2010 together with the list of approved drugs derived from each species since the first drug approval, and the corresponding species families and their exploration status at the time of first drug approval.
| New Drug ProductiveSpecies Emergedin 1991–2010 (Yearof FirstDrug Approval) | Approved Drugs Derived from the Species(Year of Approval, Target(s), Therapeutic Class,Category of Source) | Species Family (Yearof First DrugApproval) | Exploration Status of Species Family at the Time of First Drug Approval |
| Period of 2001–2010 | |||
| Halichondria okadai (2010) | Eribulin (2010, Tubulin, anticancer, ND) | Halichondriidae (2010) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Isaria sinclairii (2010) | Fingolimod (2010, Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1PR1, immunosuppression, ND) | Cordycipitaceae (2010) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Emericella rugulosa (2007) | Anidulafungin (2007, (1->3)beta-D-glucan synthase, antifungal, ND) | Trichocomaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Sorangium cellulosum (2007) | Ixabepilone (2007, Tubulin, anticancer, ND) | Polyangiaceae (2007) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Clitopilus scyphoides (2007) | Retapamulin (2007, Bacterial ribosome,antibacterial, ND) | Entolomataceae (2007) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Ecteinascidia turbinate (2007) | Trabectedin (2007, DNA, anticancer, N) | Perophoridae (2007) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Heloderma suspectum (2005) | Exenatide (2005, GLP1R, antidiabetic, ND) | Helodermatidae (2005) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Aspergillus fumigates (2005) | Fumagillin (2005, METAP2, antiparasitic, N) | Trichocomaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Conus geographus (2005) | Omega-conotoxin MVIIA (2005, Voltage-dependentN-type calcium channel, chronic pain relief, N) | Conidae (2005) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Conus magus (2005) | Omega-conotoxin MVIIA (2005, Voltage-dependentN-type calcium channel, chronic pain relief, N) | Conidae (2005) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Streptomyces filamentosus(2003) | Daptomycin (2003, Bacterial cell membrane,antibacterial, N) | Streptomycetaceae (1946) | Existing drug productive family |
| Galanthus elwesii (2002) | Galantamine (2002, Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer’s disease, N) | Amaryllidaceae (1983) | Existing drug productive family |
| Galanthus nivalis (2002) | Galantamine (2002, Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer’s disease, N) | Amaryllidaceae (1983) | Existing drug productive family |
| Galanthus woronowii (2002) | Galantamine (2002, Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer’s disease, N) | Amaryllidaceae (1983) | Existing drug productive family |
| Leucojum aestivum (2002) | Galantamine (2002, Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer’s disease, N) | Amaryllidaceae (1983) | Existing drug productive family |
| Lycoris radiate (2002) | Galantamine (2002, Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer’s disease, N) | Amaryllidaceae (1983) | Existing drug productive family |
| Lycoris squamigera (2002) | Galantamine (2002, Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer’s disease, N) | Amaryllidaceae (1983) | Existing drug productive family |
| Narcissus pseudonarcissus(2002) | Galantamine (2002, Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer’s disease, N) | Amaryllidaceae (1983) | Existing drug productive family |
| Cocos nucifera (2002) | Gefitinib (2002, EGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Erlotinib (2004, EGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Sunitinib (2006, VEGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Lapatinib (2007, EGFR and HER2, anticancer, S/NM), Pazopanib (2009, VEGFR, anticancer, S/NM) | Arecaceae (1978) | Existing drug productive family |
| Spinacia oleracea (2002) | Gefitinib (2002, EGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Erlotinib(2004, EGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Sunitinib (2006,VEGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Lapatinib (2007, EGFRand HER2, anticancer, S/NM), Pazopanib (2009,VEGFR, anticancer, S/NM) | Amaranthaceae (2002) | Newly emerged drug productive family outside existing drug productive cluster |
| Zea mays (2002) | Gefitinib (2002, EGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Erlotinib(2004, EGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Sunitinib (2006,VEGFR, anticancer, S/NM), Lapatinib (2007, EGFRand HER2, anticancer, S/NM), Pazopanib (2009,VEGFR, anticancer, S/NM) | Poaceae (1984) | Existing drug productive family |
| Coleophoma empetri (2002) | Micafungin (2002, Beta-(1,3)-Glucan synthase,antifungal, ND) | Coleophoma (2002) | Newly emerged drug productive family outside existing drug productive cluster |
| Brevibacillus laterosporus(2001) | Gusperimus (2001, Interleukin-2,immunosuppressant, ND) | Paenibacillaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Lentzea albida (2001) | Imatinib (2001, Abl, anticancer, ND), Nilotinib (2007, Abl, anticancer, ND) | Actinosynnemataceae (1971) | Existing drug productive family |
| Period of 1991–2000 | |||
| Plectranthus barbatus (1999) | Colforsin daropate (1999, Adenylate cyclase, cardiotonic, ND) | Lamiaceae (1978) | Existing drug productive family |
| Corynebacterium diphtheria (1999) | Denileukin diftitox (1999, IL-2R, anticancer, B) | Corynebacteriaceae (1999) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Lendenfeldia chondrodes (1998) | Miglitol (1998, Alpha-glucosidase, antidiabetic, ND), Miglustat (2003, Glucosylceramide synthase, anti-gaucher’s disease, ND) | Thorectidae (1998) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Morus alba (1998) | Miglitol (1998, Alpha-glucosidase, antidiabetic, ND), Miglustat (2003, Glucosylceramide synthase, anti-gaucher’s disease, ND) | Moraceae (1998) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Streptomyces toxytricini (1998) | Orlistat (1998, Lipase, antiobesity, ND) | Streptomycetaceae (1946) | Existing drug productive family |
| Citrus bergamia (1997) | Hesperetin (1997, Diglyceride acyltransferase, anti-cardiovascular disease, N) | Rutaceae (1900) | Existing drug productive family |
| Citrus limon (1997) | Hesperetin (1997, Diglyceride acyltransferase, anti-cardiovascular disease, N) | Rutaceae (1900) | Existing drug productive family |
| Haementeria officinalis (1997) | Lepirudin (1997, Thrombin, antithrombotic, ND), Bivalirudin (2000, Thrombin, anti-cardiovascular disease, ND), Hirulog (2000, Thrombin, anticoagulation, ND), Desirudin (2003, Thrombin, deep vein thrombosis, ND) | Glossiphoniidae (1997) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Hirudo medicinalis (1997) | Lepirudin (1997, Thrombin, antithrombotic, ND), Bivalirudin (2000, Thrombin, anti-cardiovascular disease, ND), Hirulog (2000, Thrombin, anticoagulation, ND), Desirudin (2003, Thrombin, deep vein thrombosis, ND) | Hirudinidae (1997) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Artemisia dracunculus (1996) | Latanoprost (1996, PGF receptor, antiglaucoma, ND), Bimatoprost (2001, PGF receptor, antiglaucoma, ND), Travoprost (2001, PGF receptor, antiglaucoma, ND) | Asteraceae (1975) | Existing drug productive family |
| Mus musculus (1995) | Edrecolomab (1995, EpCAM, anticancer, B), Daclizumab (1997, IL-2R, immunosuppressant, B), Palivizumab (1998, Fusion glycoprotein, antiviral, B), Trastuzumab (1998, HER-2, anticancer, B), Alemtuzumab (2001, CD52, anticancer, B), Efalizumab (2003, CD11a subunit of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, antipsoriatic, B), Omalizumab (2003, Human immunoglobulin E, antiasthmatic, B), Bevacizumab (2004, VEGF-A, anticancer, B), Natalizumab (2004, Alpha-4 integrin, anti-inflammatory, B), Tocilizumab (2005, IL-6R, immunosuppressant, B), Nimotuzumab (2006, EGFR, anticancer, B), Ranibizumab (2006, VEGF-A, anti-angiogenic, B) | Muridae (1994) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Aspergillus unilateralis (1995) | Mycophenolate mofetil (1995, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, ND), Mycophenolic acid (2003, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, N) | Trichocomaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Byssochlamys nivea (1995) | Mycophenolate mofetil (1995, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, ND), Mycophenolic acid (2003, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, N) | Trichocomaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Penicillium bialowiezense (1995) | Mycophenolate mofetil (1995, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, ND), Mycophenolic acid (2003, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, N) | Trichocomaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Penicillium carneum (1995) | Mycophenolate mofetil (1995, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, ND), Mycophenolic acid (2003, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, N) | Trichocomaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Penicillium fagi (1995) | Mycophenolate mofetil (1995, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, ND), Mycophenolic acid (2003, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, N) | Trichocomaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Penicillium roqueforti (1995) | Mycophenolate mofetil (1995, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, ND), Mycophenolic acid (2003, IMPDH2, immunosuppressant, N) | Trichocomaceae (1942) | Existing drug productive family |
| Streptomyces argenteolus subsp. Toyonakensis (1995) | Saquinavir mesylate (1995, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Indinavir sulfate (1996, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Ritonavir (1996, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Neflinavir mesylate (1997, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Amprenavir (1999, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Lopinavir (2000, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM) | Streptomycetaceae (1946) | Existing drug productive family |
| Streptomyces testaceus (1995) | Saquinavir mesylate (1995, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Indinavir sulfate (1996, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Ritonavir (1996, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Neflinavir mesylate (1997, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Amprenavir (1999, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM), Lopinavir (2000, HIV-1 protease, anti-virus, S*/NM) | Streptomycetaceae (1946) | Existing drug productive family |
| Camptotheca acuminate (1994) | Irinotecan (1994, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND), Topotecan (1996, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND) | Cornaceae (1994) | Newly emerged drug productive family outside existing drug productive cluster |
| Mappia foetida (1994) | Irinotecan (1994, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND), Topotecan (1996, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND), Belotecan (2004, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND), Sphingosomal topotecan (2007, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND) | Icacinaceae (1994) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Ophiorrhiza pumila (1994) | Irinotecan (1994, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND), Topotecan (1996, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND), Belotecan (2004, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND), Sphingosomal topotecan (2007, DNA topoisomerase I, anticancer, ND) | Rubiaceae (1940) | Existing drug productive family |
| Rattus norvegicus (1994) | Losartan potassium (1994, AGTR1, antihypertensive, S/NM), Valsartan (1996, AGTR1, antihypertensive, S/NM), Candesartan cilexetil (1997, AGTR2, antihypertensive, S/NM), Eprosartan (1997, AGTR1, antihypertensive, S/NM), Irbesartan (1997, AGTR1, antihypertensive, S/NM), Telmisartan (1999, AGTR1, antihypertensive, S/NM), Olmesartan medoxil (2002, Angiotensin II receptor 1, antihypertensive, S/NM) | Muridae (1994) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Erwinia chrysanthemi (1994) | Pegaspargase (1994, L-asparaginase, anticancer, B) | Enterobacteriaceae (1969) | Existing drug productive family |
| Streptomyces hygroscopicus (1994) | Voglibose (1994, Alpha-glucosidase, antidiabetic, N), Zotarolimus (1996, mTOR, anticancer, ND), Sirolimus (1999, mTOR, immunosuppressive, N), Pimecrolimus (2001, Calcineurin, immunomodulating, ND), Vorinostat (2006, HDAC, anticancer, ND), Temsirolimus (2007, mTOR, anticancer, ND), Everolimus (2009, mTOR, anticancer, ND) | Streptomycetaceae (1946) | Existing drug productive family |
| Corylus avellana (1993) | Paclitaxel (1993, Tubulin, anticancer, N), Cabazitaxel (2010, Tubulin, anticancer, ND) | Betulaceae (1993) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Seimatoantlerium tepuiense (1993) | Paclitaxel (1993, Tubulin, anticancer, N), Cabazitaxel (2010, Tubulin, anticancer, ND) | Amphisphaeriaceae (1993) | Newly emerged drug productive family outside existing drug productive cluster |
| Taxus baccata (1993) | Paclitaxel (1993, Tubulin, anticancer, N), Docetaxel (1995, Tubulin, anticancer, ND), Cabazitaxel (2010, Tubulin, anticancer, ND) | Taxaceae (1993) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Taxus brevifolia (1993) | Paclitaxel (1993, Tubulin, anticancer, N), Docetaxel (1995, Tubulin, anticancer, ND), Cabazitaxel (2010, Tubulin, anticancer, ND) | Taxaceae (1993) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Taxus wallichiana (1993) | Paclitaxel (1993, Tubulin, anticancer, N), Docetaxel (1995, Tubulin, anticancer, ND), Cabazitaxel (2010, Tubulin, anticancer, ND) | Taxaceae (1993) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Streptomyces tsukubaensis (1993) | Tacrolimus (1993, Calcineurin, immunosuppressant, N) | Streptomycetaceae (1946) | Existing drug productive family |
| Larrea tridentate (1992) | Masoprocol (1992, 5-LOX, anticancer, N) | Zygophyllaceae (1978) | Existing drug productive family |
| Agaricus bisporus (1991) | Calcipotriol (1991, Vitamin D receptor, antipsoriatic, ND), Tacalcitol (1993, Vitamin D receptor, antipsoriatic, ND), Paricalcitol (1998, Vitamin D receptor, calcium metabolism, ND), Doxercalciferol (1999, Vitamin D receptor, calcium metabolism, ND) | Agaricaceae (1991) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
| Leontice leontopetalum (1991) | Doxacurium chloride (1991, CHRNA2, muscle relaxant, S*), Mivacurium chloride (1992, CHRNA2, muscle relaxant, S*), Cisatracurium besilate (1995, nAChR, muscle relaxant, S*) | Berberidaceae (1978) | Existing drug productive family |
| Callistemon citrinus (1991) | Nitisinone (1991, 4HPPD, antityrosinaemia, ND) | Myrtaceae (1991) | Newly emerged drug productive family inside existing drug productive cluster |
The categories of drug source are based on the definition of Newman and Cragg [2]: “B” Biological; usually a large (>45 residues) peptide or protein either isolated from an organism/cell line or produced by biotechnological means in a surrogate host,“N” Natural product, “ND” Derived from a natural product and is usually a semisynthetic modification, “S*” Made by total synthesis, but the pharmacophore is/was from a natural product.“V” Vaccine, “NM” Natural product mimic.