Table 4.

Mixed effects models testing the influence of 12-step meeting attendance and active involvement on PDA over time

Concurrent Model (N=118) 1	Attendance			Attendance and Involvement
	est	se	z	est	se	z
Time:
3m (vs. 0m)	6.34	1.90	3.34***	6.11	1.93	3.17***
6m (vs. 0m)	−1.18	1.90	−0.62	−0.98	1.94	−0.50
12m (vs. 0m)	−4.95	2.72	−1.82	−5.21	2.73	−1.91
Baseline alcohol self-efficacy	0.59	0.71	0.83	0.54	0.71	0.76
Baseline drug self-efficacy	2.43	0.65	3.75***	2.52	0.65	3.88***
Baseline abstinence goal	4.37	6.08	0.72	3.94	6.09	0.65
Outpatient SUD treatment (weeks)	0.12	0.13	0.93	0.12	0.13	0.91
Inpatient SUD treatment	10.34	4.05	2.55*	9.79	4.14	2.37*
Age	−1.21	1.95	−0.62	−1.33	1.95	−0.68
White ethnicity	−0.57	6.74	−0.09	−1.07	6.74	−0.16
12-step attendance	0.50	0.09	5.34***	0.38	0.13	2.85**
12-step involvement	----	----	----	1.62	1.27	1.28
Lagged Model (N=113)2
Time:
6m (vs. 3m)	−1.66	1.77	−0.94	−1.84	1.79	−1.03
12m (vs. 3m)	−3.69	2.61	−1.41	−3.75	2.66	−1.41
Baseline alcohol self-efficacy	0.30	0.83	0.36	0.30	0.84	0.36
Baseline drug self-efficacy	2.73	0.74	3.67***	2.81	0.75	3.74***
Baseline abstinence goal	6.77	7.03	0.96	7.39	7.13	1.04
Outpatient SUD treatment (weeks)	0.22	0.21	1.03	0.21	0.21	0.98
Inpatient SUD treatment	7.57	4.99	1.52	6.85	5.01	1.37
Age	−1.85	2.25	−0.82	−1.77	2.28	−0.78
White ethnicity	−1.96	7.80	−0.25	−2.28	7.87	−0.29
12-step attendance	0.23	0.13	1.83†	0.10	0.17	0.57
12-step involvement	----	----	----	1.24	1.58	0.78

^†p<.1;

^*p<.05;

^**p<.01;

^***p<.001; Abbreviations: PDA = percent days abstinent

¹12-step attendance and active involvement, and time-varying covariates (outpatient and inpatient SUD treatment) are concurrent with PDA

²12-step attendance and active involvement, and time-varying covariates (outpatient and inpatient SUD treatment) are lagged one time period behind PDA