Fig. 3.

Effect of hop extract on the nociceptive response induced by substance P or glutamate. Hop extract (100 mg/kg) was administered orally for 30 min prior to the substance P (A: 0.7 µg per 5 µl) or glutamate (B: 20 µg per 5 µl) injection intrathecally. The cumulative response time of licking, scratching and biting episodes was measured for 30 min. The vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean. The number of animal used for each group was 8~10 (^***p<0.001, compared with control group).