CXCL8 (IL-8) |
Alveolar macrophages. |
Recruitment of neutrophils. |
Epithelial cells of the lung. |
|
|
CCL2 (MCP-1) |
Monocytes and alveolar macrophages. |
Recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells. |
|
CCL3 (MIP-1a), CCL4 (MIP-1b) CCL5 (RANTES) |
Alveolar macrophages. |
Recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells. |
|
CXCL9, CXCL10 (IP-10), CXCL11 |
Bronchial epithelial cells. |
Recruitment of immune cells. |
|
CCL19/CCL21 |
Stromal cells of the lymph nodes. |
Recruitment and priming of IFN-γ-producing T cells. |
Migration of DC from the lung to draining lymph nodes. |
|
CXCL13 |
Dendritic cells, stromal cells of the lymph nodes. |
Recruitment of B cells and formation of the granuloma-associated follicular structures. |
|
IL-12/IL-23 |
Dendritic cells, macrophages. |
Th1 polarisation of CD4+ T cells. |
|
IFN-γ
|
CD4+ (Th1) and CD8+ T cells, NK. |
Activation of macrophages. |
Induction of NO synthesis and bacterial killing. |
|
TNF-α
|
CD4+ T cells (Th1), macrophages. |
Proinflammatory. |
Induction of chemokine production. |
Activation of macrophages. |
Critical for granuloma formation. |
|
IL-1 |
Macrophages, DCs. |
Proinflammatory. |
Recruitment and activation of phagocytes. |
|
IL-17 |
LT γ/δ, CD4+ T cells (Th17). |
Proinflammatory. |
Involved in neutrophil recruitment and macrophage activation. |
|
IL-10 |
Tregs, B-1 cells, AAM. |
Anti-inflammatory. |
Polarisation of macrophages towards the AAM type. |
|
TGF-β
|
Tregs, AAM. |
Anti-inflammatory. |