Table 4.
Case control studies presenting life expectancy of (former) athletes compared to that of control subjects.
| Author(s) | Type of sports | Reduction/increase in life expectancy (y) |
|---|---|---|
| Prout [30] | Endurance sports (college rowers from Harvard and Yale) | +6.3 |
|
| ||
| Sarna et al. [31] | Endurance sports (long distance running, cross-country skiing) | +5.7 |
|
| ||
| Karvonen [32], Karvonen et al. [33] | Endurance sports (cross-country skiing) | +2.8 to +4.3 |
|
| ||
| Sanchis-Gomar et al. [34] | Endurance sports (Tour de France cyclists) | +8.0 |
|
| ||
| Sarna et al. [31], Sarna and Kaprio [35] | Power sports (throwing sports, wrestling, weight lifting, boxing) | +1.6 |
|
| ||
| Sarna et al. [31], Sarna and Kaprio [35] | Team sports (ice hockey, soccer, basketball, other outdoor sports) | +4.0 |
|
| ||
| Abel and Kruger [36] | Team sports (baseball) | −5.0 |
|
| ||
| Abel and Kruger [37] | Team sports (baseball) | +4 to 5 |
|
| ||
| Kuss et al. [38] | Team sports (German international soccer players) | −1.9 J. (+0.6 to −3.2) |
|
| ||
| Hudec et al. [39] | Various sports disciplines | −0.38 |
|
| ||
| Rook [40] | Various sports disciplines | +1.03 |