Table 5.
Adjusted HRs for development of CVAs in subjects with DME compared with age/gender matched diabetes controls*, 1 July 2002 to 31 December 2005
| Reference exposure | HR |
95% CI |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
DME versus diabetes controls |
1.98 |
1.39 – 2.83 |
< 0.001 |
|
Covariates† |
|
|
|
| Angina |
0.71 |
0.32 - 1.58 |
0.40 |
|
Cardiac arrhythmia |
1.88 |
1.12 - 3.16 |
0.02 |
|
Charlson comorbidity index |
1.13 |
1.02 - 1.24 |
0.02 |
| Congestive heart failure |
0.94 |
0.51 - 1.72 |
0.84 |
| Heart disease |
1.52 |
0.99 - 2.32 |
0.06 |
| History of AMI |
0.91 |
0.31 - 2.69 |
0.87 |
|
History of CVA |
2.40 |
1.26 - 4.59 |
0.01 |
|
Hyperlipidemia |
0.63 |
0.44 - 0.91 |
0.01 |
| Hypertension |
1.18 |
0.81 - 1.70 |
0.39 |
|
Other cerebrovascular disease |
2.20 |
1.03 - 4.71 |
0.04 |
| Prior anti-platelet or anticoagulant | 1.07 | 0.62 - 1.83 | 0.81 |
*Diabetes controls - diabetes subjects without ophthalmic manifestations, retinal disorders, or vitreous hemorrhage.
† All covariates were included in the regression model; bolded text indicates statistical signficance.
DME = diabetic macular edema; AMI = acute myocardial infarction; CVA = cerebrovascular accident; CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratios.