TABLE 4—

Gender Nonconformity Before Age 11 Years as a Mediator of Sexual-Orientation Disparities in Exposure to Childhood Abuse Before Age 11 Years: United States, Growing Up Today Study, 2007 Wave

	Sexual Abuse Before Age 11 Years			Physical Abuse Before Age 11 Years			Psychological Abuse Before Age 11 Years
Variable	Model 1: Sexual Orientation, RR (95% CI)	Model 2: Sexual Orientation and Gender Nonconformity, RR (95% CI)	Mediation Proportion, %	Model 3: Sexual Orientation, RR (95% CI)	Model 4: Sexual Orientation and Gender Nonconformity, RR (95% CI)	Mediation Proportion, %	Model 5: Sexual Orientation, RR (95% CI)	Model 6: Sexual Orientation and Gender Nonconformity, RR (95% CI)	Mediation Proportion, %
Sexual orientation
Heterosexual (Ref)	1.0	1.0		1.0	1.0		1.0	1.0
Heterosexual, same-sex sexual contact	2.9*** (2.0, 4.3)	2.9*** (2.0, 4.2)	5.9	1.6*** (1.1, 2.2)	1.6*** (1.1, 2.2)	8.7	1.3 (0.8, 1.9)	1.2 (0.8, 1.9)	7.6
Mostly heterosexual	2.0*** (1.6, 2.4)	1.9*** (1.6, 2.2)	15.0*	1.6*** (1.4, 1.9)	1.6*** (1.4, 1.8)	12.1*	1.7*** (1.5, 1.9)	1.7*** (1.4, 1.9)	7.0
Bisexual	3.2*** (2.3, 4.5)	3.0*** (2.1, 4.2)	13.3**	2.4*** (1.9, 3.2)	2.3*** (1.8, 3.0)	8.6*	2.7*** (2.1, 3.5)	2.6*** (2.0, 3.3)	5.2
Lesbian/gay	2.4** (1.3, 4.3)	2.0* (1.1, 3.8)	33.2*	1.5 (0.9, 2.5)	1.3 (0.8, 2.1)	NAa	1.7* (1.0, 2.9)	1.5 (0.9, 2.6)	25.6
Gender nonconformity
Below median (Ref)		1.0			1.0			1.0
Above median, below top decile		1.2 (1.0, 1.4)			1.0 (0.9, 1.2)			1.0 (0.8, 1.1)
Top decile		1.4** (1.1, 1.7)			1.3*** (1.1, 1.5)			1.3** (1.1, 1.5)

Note. CI = confidence interval; NA = not applicable; RR = risk ratio. All models were adjusted for gender. The full sample size was n = 8968.

^aBecause lesbians and gay men were not at statistically significant increased risk for physical abuse, there was no elevated risk to be mediated.

*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001 (2-sided Wald χ²).