Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participants according to gender
| Clinical characteristics | Total (n = 699) |
Male (n = 310) |
Female (n = 389) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 55 ± 14 | 51 ± 13 | 58 ± 14 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 24.6 ± 3.5 | 25.5 ± 4.2 | 0.003 |
| Total fat area, Cm2 | 283 ± 125 | 245 ± 118 | 314 ± 121 | < 0.001 |
| Visceral fat area, Cm2 | 122 ± 61 | 125 ± 66 | 121 ± 58 | 0.411 |
| Subcutaneous fat area, Cm2 | 161 ± 83 | 122 ± 66 | 191 ± 82 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131 ± 17 | 132 ± 17 | 131 ± 16 | 0.719 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79 ± 11 | 79 ± 12 | 79 ± 10 | 0.591 |
| Duration of diabetes, months | 69 ± 87 | 50 ± 73 | 84 ± 94 | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid, mg/dL | 4.6 ± 1.5 | 5.1 ± 1.5 | 4.2 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
| Hyperuricemia, n (%) | 95 (14) | 77 (25) | 18 (5) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.225 |
| Estimated GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 94.4 ± 27.6 | 95.8 ± 23.1 | 93.3 ± 30.7 | 0.243 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.4 ± 1.9 | 14.5 ± 2.0 | 12.6 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL | 189 ± 45 | 185 ± 44 | 192 ± 46 | 0.048 |
| Serum triglyceride, mg/dL | 170 ± 112 | 181 ± 128 | 160 ± 95 | 0.020 |
| Serum HDL, mg/dL | 51 ± 15 | 48 ± 15 | 53 ± 15 | < 0.001 |
| Urinary albumin excretion rate, μg/min | 7.1 (4.2-18.7) | 7.0 (4.3-19.6) | 7.2 (4.1-17.6) | 0.785 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 9.0 ± 2.4 | 9.2 ± 2.5 | 8.9 ± 2.3 | 0.100 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.5 (1.6-3.9) | 2.1 (1.4-3.3) | 2.7 (1.8-4.6) | < 0.001 |
| Lipoprotein (a), (IU/L) | 170 (50-389) | 148 (34-351) | 148 (59-402) | 0.065 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.2 (0.1-0.7) | 0.2 (0.1-0.9) | 0.2 (0.1-0.7) | 0.815 |
Values are expressed as means ± SDs, medians (interquartile range) or n(%).