Table 3.
Patient characteristics and plasma pentosidine levels according to the presence of low estimated glomerular filtration rate and history of cataract
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low eGFR | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| History of cataract | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| n (%) | 48 (25.5) | 44 (23.4) | 48 (25.5) | 48 (25.5) | |
| Male, n (%) | 17 (35.4) | 21 (47.7) | 14 (29.2) | 21 (43.8) | 0.253 |
| Age (years) | 68.2 (7.1) | 73.6 (6.7) | 61.2 (9.4) | 68.6 (8.9) | <0.0001 |
| Median diabetes duration (years) | 8 (0–48) | 6 (0–27) | 7 (0–32) | 5 (0–42) | 0.882 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 (3.7) | 25.1 (3.5) | 24.8 (3.7) | 25.0 (3.6) | 0.907 |
| WHR | 0.90 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.08) | 0.87 (0.06) | 0.90 (0.06) | 0.060 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 (1.3) | 7.1 (0.7) | 7.1 (0.7) | 7.4 (1.0) | 0.051 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 58.3 (13.8) | 54.1 (8.4) | 53.8 (7.3) | 57.4 (10.5) | 0.051 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133 (9.0) | 137 (15) | 133 (12) | 137 (15) | 0.249 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 (6) | 77 (9) | 76 (7) | 75 (9) | 0.554 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 96 (6) | 97 (9) | 95 (6) | 96 (9) | 0.863 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 74.9 (15.8) | 110.7 (15.9) | 74.6 (16.4) | 115.1 (23.0) | <0.0001 |
| Triacylglycerols (mmol/L) | 1.52 (1.19) | 1.53 (0.64) | 1.40 (0.51) | 1.64 (0.78) | 0.570 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.87 (0.83) | 4.73 (0.78) | 4.69 (0.88) | 4.69 (0.84) | 0.656 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.87 (0.73) | 2.79 (0.63) | 2.77 (0.76) | 2.68 (0.69) | 0.632 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.40 (0.36) | 1.26 (0.29) | 1.28 (0.30) | 1.26 (0.29) | 0.099 |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Current | 2 (4.2) | 4 (9.1) | 3 (6.3) | 6 (12.5) | 0.699 |
| Never | 36 (75.0) | 30 (68.2) | 38 (79.2) | 34 (70.8) | |
| Former | 10 (20.8) | 10 (22.7) | 7 (14.6) | 8 (16.7) | |
| Patients on antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | |||||
| 1 drug | 10 (21.7) | 12 (27.3) | 15 (34.9) | 18 (38.3) | 0.045 |
| 2 drug | 19 (41.3) | 15 (34.1) | 10 (23.3) | 15 (31.9) | |
| 3 or more drugs | 9 (19.6) | 14 (31.8) | 8 (18.6) | 13 (27.7) | |
| Not on medication | 8 (17.4) | 3 (6.8) | 10 (23.3) | 1 (2.1) | |
| Patients on lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | |||||
| 1 drug | 34 (73.9) | 32 (72.7) | 36 (83.7) | 32 (71.1) | 0.518 |
| 2 drug | 4 (8.7) | 2 (4.6) | 3 (7.0) | 6 (13.3) | |
| 3 or more drugs | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Not on medication | 8 (17.4) | 10 (22.7) | 4 (9.3) | 7 (15.6) | |
| Treatment for diabetes, n (%) | |||||
| Diet/exercise alone | 14 (29.8) | 12 (27.3) | 9 (20.9) | 13 (27.7) | 0.477 |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs alone | 29 (61.7) | 30 (68.2) | 33 (76.7) | 28 (59.6) | |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs with insulin | 2 (4.3) | 2 (4.6) | 1 (2.3) | 5 (10.6) | |
| Insulin | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) | |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | |||||
| None | 39 (83.0) | 30 (69.8) | 39 (90.7) | 31 (75.6) | 0.085 |
| Any retinopathy | 8 (17.0) | 13 (30.2) | 4 (9.3) | 10 (24.4) | |
| History of coronary artery disease, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 40 (83.3) | 35 (79.6) | 44 (91.7) | 42 (87.5) | 0.378 |
| No | 8 (16.7) | 9 (20.5) | 4 (8.3) | 6 (12.5) | |
| History of cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 6 (12.5) | 8 (18.2) | 4 (8.3) | 3 (6.3) | 0.281 |
| No | 42 (87.5) | 36 (81.8) | 44 (91.7) | 45 (93.8) | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 82.7 (16.9) | 52.3 (4.8) | 83.3 (15.8) | 51.0 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Pentosidine, ng/mL | 173 (22–1147) | 313 (2–1342) | 166 (16–1846) | 150 (28–1416) | 0.036 |
Note: Values are the mean (SD) unless stated otherwise.
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-hip ratio; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.