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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol. 2012 Mar 27;46(4):359–370. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.10.006

Figure 1. Opioidergic Compensatory Responses Prior to and Following Chronic Alcohol Exposure.

Figure 1

In non-dependent organisms, alcohol-induced μ-opioid receptor-related positive affective states precede compensatory κ-opioid receptor mediated negative affective states. Following chronic alcohol exposure, μ-opioid receptor signaling is attenuated and through multiple mechanisms, κ-opioid receptor signaling is increased; both of which can combine to produce a phenotype indicative of negative motivational and affective states.