Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients in the DE and NDE groups
| Characteristics | DE (n = 54)a | NDE (n = 55) | P b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.772 | ||
| Male | 43 (79.6%) | 45 (81.8%) | |
| Female | 11 (20.4%) | 10 (18.2%) | |
| Age (range), year (IQR) | 66.4 (61-77) | 61.7 (51-71) | 0.117 |
| PaO2/FiO2, mean (SD) | 181.8 (103.0) | 177.7 (68.1) | 0.813 |
| Type of pneumonia | > 0.999c | ||
| Hospital-acquired pneumonia | 50 (92.6%) | 50 (90.9%) | |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 4 (7.4%) | 5 (9.1%) | |
| On mechanical ventilation | 47 (50.5%) | 46 (49.5%) | 0.449 |
| Baseline APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 23.3 (5.6) | 22.8 (5.7) | 0.607 |
| Baseline SOFA score, mean (SD) | 9.1 (3.1) | 8.4 (3.6) | 0.270 |
| Baseline CPIS, mean (SD) | 6.7 (1.4) | 6.8 (1.3) | 0.807 |
| Prior hospital day (IQR)d | 16.7 (4-17) | 9 (4-10) | 0.064 |
| Prior ICU day (IQR)d | 4.4 (1-5) | 3.4 (1-5) | 0.182 |
| Prior ICU days > 5 days | 33 (61.1%) | 31 (56.4%) | 0.416 |
| Prior days on mechanical ventilation (IQR)d | 3.3 (0-4) | 2.5 (0-4) | 0.347 |
| Prior antimicrobial administratione | 18 (34.6%) | 24 (43.6%) | 0.340 |
| Initial presentation | 0.943 | ||
| Severe sepsis | 27 (50%) | 29 (52.7%) | |
| Septic shock | 10 (18.5%) | 10 (18.2%) | |
| ARDS | 17 (31.5%) | 16 (29.1%) | |
| Underlying disease | |||
| Hypertension | 14 (26.9%) | 12 (22.6%) | 0.611 |
| Neurologic disease | 15 (28.8%) | 15 (28.3%) | 0.951 |
| COPD | 5 (9.6%) | 6 (11.3%) | > 0.999 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 5 (9.6%) | 8 (15.1%) | 0.555 |
| CRF/ESRD | 4 (7.7%) | 3 (5.7%) | 0.716c |
| Diabetes mellitus | 16 (30.8%) | 14 (26.4%) | 0.621 |
| Alcoholism | 4 (7.7%) | 4 (7.5%) | > 0.999c |
| Hematologic malignancy | 1 (1.9%) | 2 (3.8%) | > 0.999c |
| Modified McCabe score | 0.968c | ||
| Life expectancy < 1 month | 4 (7.5%) | 2 (3.6%) | |
| Life expectancy 1 month to 5 years | 40 (75.5%) | 46 (83.6%) | |
| Life expectancy > 5 years | 9 (17%) | 7 (12.7%) |
Values given as mean (standard deviation) or number (percentage) of patients. ALI, acute lung injury; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPIS, clinical pulmonary infection score; CRF, chronic renal failure; DE, de-escalation group; ESRD; end-stage renal disease; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; IQR, interquartile range; NDE, non-de-escalation group; SOFA, sequential organ-failure assessment; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia. aClinical outcome of one patient in the DE group was not available. bWith the Student t test or the χ2 test. cWith the Fisher Exact test. dDays before study enrollment in mean (IQR), only including the time spent at Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Republic of Korea). dPrior administration of antimicrobial agent within 2 days.