Table 3.
Prevalence of early introduction of cow's milk (≤ 1 month) according to season of birth, stratified by maternal education; Pelotas birth cohort studies
| 1982 Birth Cohort |
1993 Birth Cohort |
2004 Birth Cohort |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal education |
Maternal education |
Maternal education |
|||||||
| 0–4 years | >4 years | 0–4 years | >4 years | 0–4 years | >4 years | ||||
| All % | n (%) | n (%) | All % | n (%) | n (%) | All % | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Trimester of birtha | P = 0.001 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.02 | P = 0.6 | P = 0.3 | P = 0.5 | P = 0.5 | P = 0.4 | P = 0.3 |
| Jan–Mar | 17.8 | 371 (17.8) | 807 (17.8) | 25.1 | 83 (33.7) | 266 (22.4) | 14.8 | 159 (21.4) | 830 (13.6) |
| Apr–Jun | 24.1 | 411 (29.7) | 839 (21.3) | 29.0 | 90 (37.8) | 265 (26.0) | 16.2 | 171 (21.1) | 870 (15.2) |
| Jul–Sep | 23.3 | 430 (22.3) | 912 (23.8) | 25.5 | 103 (29.1) | 250 (24.0) | 14.7 | 153 (17.7) | 844 (14.2) |
| Oct–Dec | 22.0 | 387 (20.4) | 833 (22.8) | 27.6 | 103 (26.0) | 258 (28.3) | 13.9 | 120 (16.7) | 783 (12.1) |
| Temperature 1st monthb,c | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.08 | P = 0.07 | P = 0.4 | P = 0.6 | P = 0.2 | P = 0.9 |
| Coldest quintile | 27.6 | 321 (31.2) | 692 (26.0) | 29.8 | 76 (36.4) | 186 (27.1) | 14.8 | 114 (25.4) | 682 (13.2) |
| Quintiles 2–4 | 21.1 | 972 (21.1) | 2024 (21.2) | 25.1 | 229 (27.5) | 615 (24.2) | 15.3 | 379 (20.3) | 983 (14.4) |
| Hottest quintile | 18.3 | 306 (19.0) | 675 (18.1) | 23.5 | 74 (24.5) | 238 (23.2) | 13.9 | 110 (20.9) | 662 (12.8) |
| SII (CI 95%)d | −15.4 (−30.4, −0.3) | −9.9 (−13.1, −6.7) | −14.9 (−26.0, −3.8) | −4.7 (−8.5, −0.9) | −5.6 (−16.5, 5.2) | −0.5 (−5.5, 4.5) | |||
aχ2 test for heterogeneity.
bχ2 test for trend.
cMean environmental temperature in the first month of life.
dTemperature-based slope indices of inequality.