Table 4.
Probable clinical caseness (TDS > 17), OR (95% CI), by cultural identity status and by ethnicity for male and female students, derived from multivariate logistic GEE regression models
| Sample characteristics | Model 1a | Model 2b |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Male students | ||
| Age | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) |
| Cultural identity | ||
| Integrated | Ref | Ref |
| Assimilated | 1.29 (0.96–1.72) | 1.19 (0.88–1.60) |
| Traditional | 1.28 (0.96–1.72) | 1.26 (0.93–1.71) |
| Marginalized | 1.57 (1.13–2.18) | 1.45 (1.03–2.04) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| White UK | Ref | Ref |
| Other White | 0.86 (0.56–1.30) | 0.82 (0.51–1.30) |
| Black Caribbean | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.60 (0.40–0.91) |
| Nigerian/Ghanaian | 0.44 (0.25–0.75) | 0.34 (0.19–0.62) |
| Other African | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | 0.69 (0.40–1.19) |
| Indian | 1.09 (0.72–1.65) | 1.11 (0.71–1.73) |
| Pakistani | 0.66 (0.40–1.07) | 0.65 (0.38–1.09) |
| Bangladeshi | 0.65 (0.34–1.23) | 0.56 (0.28–1.11) |
| Mixed Black Caribbean/White | 0.85 (0.51–1.44) | 0.63 (0.37–1.09) |
| Other ethnicity | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) | 0.58 (0.38–0.90) |
| Female students | ||
| Age | 0.94 (0.88–0.99) | 0.80 (0.73–0.87) |
| Cultural identity | ||
| Integrated | Ref | Ref |
| Assimilated | 1.04 (0.80–1.35) | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) |
| Traditional | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | 0.88 (0.68–1.16) |
| Marginalized | 1.36 (1.02–1.82) | 1.33 (0.98–1.80) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| White UK | Ref | Ref |
| Other White | 1.13 (0.75–1.70) | 1.00 (0.64–1.56) |
| Black Caribbean | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) |
| Nigerian/Ghanaian | 1.25 (0.87–1.80) | 1.11 (0.72–1.71) |
| Other African | 0.74 (0.46–1.19) | 0.65 (0.37–1.13) |
| Indian | 0.54 (0.32–0.91) | 0.52 (0.31–0.90) |
| Pakistani | 1.14 (0.63–2.08) | 1.04 (0.56–1.94) |
| Bangladeshi | 1.18 (0.63–2.23) | 1.11 (0.58–2.10) |
| Mixed Black Caribbean/White | 1.28 (0.83–1.98) | 1.00 (0.63–1.60) |
| Other ethnicity | 0.93 (0.62–1.39) | 0.79 (0.51–1.21) |
aModel 1: coefficients were estimated with gender-specific logistic GEE models. Regressions were performed using 45 multiple imputations of missing outcome and covariate values. Parameter point and variance estimates were combined using Rubin's rules.
bModel 2: same as model 1 + adjustment for generational status, standard of living, experience of racism, place of worship attendance, family structure, parental care, parental control, quality of the relationship with parents, proportion of free school meal, Income dimension of the Index of Multiple Deprivation.