TABLE 2.
Baseline (1991) characteristics by prepregnancy dietary pattern adherence score quartile1
| aMED |
DASH |
aHEI |
||||
| Q1 (n = 3297) | Q4 (n = 3661) | Q1 (n = 3018) | Q4 (n = 3927) | Q1 (n = 3496) | Q4 (n = 4385) | |
| Diet score | 1.6 ± 0.62 | 6.6 ± 0.7* | 16.9 ± 2.0 | 30.3 ± 2.1* | 25.0 ± 3.7 | 51.4 ± 6.1* |
| Age (y) | 31.4 ± 3.2 | 32.5 ± 3.3* | 31.5 ± 3.1 | 32.5 ± 3.3* | 31.5 ± 3.2 | 32.5 ± 3.3* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 4.9 | 23.1 ± 4.0* | 23.8 ± 5.0 | 23.2 ± 4.0* | 24.1 ± 5.0 | 22.7 ± 3.6* |
| BMI at age 18 y | 21.1 ± 3.2 | 20.9 ± 2.8* | 21.0 ± 3.4 | 21.0 ± 2.9 | 21.2 ± 3.3 | 20.9 ± 2.8* |
| Physical activity (MET-h/wk) | 17.7 ± 23.5 | 29.5 ± 33.6* | 16.3 ± 21.7 | 31.1 ± 35.2* | 16.0 ± 22.8 | 31.4 ± 33.8* |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 2.1 ± 4.9 | 4.0 ± 5.1* | 2.9 ± 5.4 | 3.0 ± 4.8 | 1.4 ± 5.1 | 4.7 ± 5.2* |
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1570 ± 480 | 2130 ± 520* | 1600 ± 490 | 2090 ± 520* | 1560 ± 470 | 2090 ± 550* |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy/d) | 48 ± 7 | 53 ± 7* | 47 ± 8 | 55 ± 7* | 48 ± 7 | 54 ± 7* |
| Protein (% of energy/d) | 19 ± 4 | 19 ± 3* | 19 ± 4 | 19 ± 3* | 19 ± 3 | 19 ± 3* |
| Total fat (% of energy/d) | 33 ± 5 | 29 ± 5* | 34 ± 5 | 28 ± 5* | 34 ± 5 | 28 ± 5* |
| MUFA (% of energy/d) | 13 ± 2 | 11 ± 2* | 13 ± 2 | 10 ± 2* | 13 ± 2 | 11 ± 2* |
| SFA (% of energy/d) | 13 ± 2 | 10 ± 2* | 13 ± 2 | 10 ± 2* | 13 ± 2 | 10 ± 2* |
| Animal fat (% of energy/d) | 20 ± 4 | 15 ± 4* | 20 ± 5 | 15 ± 4* | 20 ± 4 | 15 ± 4* |
| trans Fat (g/d) | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 1.3* | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.4* |
| Glycemic index | 54 ± 4 | 54 ± 3* | 56 ± 3 | 53 ± 3* | 55 ± 3 | 53 ± 3* |
| Glycemic load | 100 ± 40 | 150 ± 40* | 110 ± 40 | 150 ± 40* | 100 ± 40 | 150 ± 50* |
| White [n (%)] | 3028 (92) | 3454 (94)* | 2757 (91) | 3700 (94)* | 3208 (92) | 4121 (94)* |
| Gravidity [n (%)] | ||||||
| 0 (nulliparous) | 1307 (40) | 1480 (41)* | 1271 (43) | 1535 (40)* | 1255 (37) | 1982 (46)* |
| 1 | 1034 (32) | 1040 (29) | 900 (30) | 1202 (31) | 1160 (34) | 1206 (28) |
| 2 | 634 (20) | 750 (21) | 573 (19) | 773 (20) | 723 (21) | 792 (18) |
| 3 | 195 (6) | 243 (7) | 168 (6) | 236 (6) | 218 (6) | 228 (5) |
| ≥4 | 69 (2) | 180 (4) | 58 (2) | 99 (3) | 74 (2) | 98 (2) |
| Smoking status [n (%)] | ||||||
| Never | 2337 (71) | 2567 (70)* | 1990 (66) | 2871 (73)* | 2558 (73) | 2992 (68)* |
| Former | 580 (18) | 836 (23) | 555 (18) | 848 (22) | 535 (15) | 1051 (24) |
| Current | 376 (11) | 251 (7) | 467 (16) | 200 (5) | 396 (12) | 334 (8) |
| Oral contraceptive use [n (%)] | ||||||
| Never | 493 (15) | 646 (18)* | 421 (14) | 738 (19)* | 509 (15) | 774 (18)* |
| Ever | 2803 (85) | 3014 (82) | 2595 (86) | 3188 (81) | 2986 (85) | 3608 (82) |
| Parental history of diabetes [n (%)] | 387 (12) | 382 (10) | 349 (12) | 393 (10)** | 425 (12) | 459 (10) |
1
Higher scores indicate greater pattern adherence. *P < 0.01, **P < 0.05. aHEI, alternate Healthy Eating Index; aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; MET-h, metabolic equivalent of task-hours; Q, quartile.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).